Evolucion de los efectos visuales en la historia del cine y su influencia sobre la industria del video musical

Résumé

Visual effects performed in audiovisual productions are, in reality, the mixture of several techniques. This thesis aims to develop a study about them, their origins and classification, focusing on their technological evolution and analyzing how they have influenced the industry of music video, both aesthetic, creative and economic. Since its inception, the music video industry has been heavily influenced by the development of techniques in the field of visual effects thanks to the unlimited artistic and creative solutions they offer to the filmmakers. The technological implementation of the last decades has proved to be a key element for the emergence of links and correlations between the field of cinema and music video. This nexus has been based on technological progress, the increase of the use of visual effects in music videos and the arrival of videomakers of music videos to the cinematographic industry. Thanks to the birth of MTV channel in 1981, music videos became a mass phenomenon and a way of visual experimentation for many artists and directors. In its beginnings MTV emitted music videos of uninterrupted form which took to impel and to promote the career of a great number of artists like Madonna, Michael Jackson or Bon Jovi when introducing itself daily in the televisions of adolescents all over the world. But it was in the 1990s, considered the golden age of music videos, where the concept of music video evolved into a piece of audiovisual art due to the work of famous directors such as Michel Gondry, Chris Cunningham or Mark Romanek. A number of prestigious film directors from the world of music video such as Spike Jonze, David Fincher, Jonas Åkerlund and Michael Bay, among others, have contributed to the creation of a new aesthetic and cinematic narrative that incorporates audiovisual language properties associated to the music videos. Computer generated graphics first appeared in cinema as parts of the human body, maps and primary animations in films such as Westworld (1973), Futureworld (1976), Star Wars (1977) and Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan (1982). In 1982 the CGI was the protagonist for the first time of a film thanks to the film Tron (1982), which was not too well received by public or criticism, but it did help that the Hollywood studies began to take into account the potential of the digital images...