Combatiendo el prejuicio en personas mayores desde la formación
- Palmero Cámara, Carmen
- Álvarez del Castillo, J.L.
- Luis Rico, Isabel
- De La Torre Cruz, Tamara
- Escolar Llamazares, Camino
- González González, Josefa
- Sánchez Iglesias, Ana Isabel
- Jiménez Eguizábal, Alfredo
ISSN: 0214-9877
Año de publicación: 2017
Título del ejemplar: La psicología hoy: retos, logros y perspectivas de futuro. Psicología de la Adolescencia
Volumen: 1
Número: 2
Páginas: 41-60
Tipo: Artículo
Otras publicaciones en: International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology: INFAD. Revista de Psicología
Resumen
The present study analyzes the effectiveness of a procedure of automatic reduction of prejudice, based on the assumption of the perspective of the members of stereotyped groups. Specifically, the evaluation of this cognitive strategy in the elderly population is addressed, and potentially modulating variables between the intervention and its effects on prejudice are considered: personality, values, empathy and attribution. Data were collected from a sample of 58 participants with a mean age of 63 years, in which an intervention based on mental imagery aimed at reducing prejudice was implemented. The results show a moderate effectiveness of the strategy and find interaction with several modulating variables, notably particularly kindness, along with attributional activity and values of benevolence, universalism, self direction and conformity, which modulated the effectiveness of perspective taking. The discussion, in addition to contrasting parallels and divergences with the results of other experiments, suggests some applications in the training of elder people, demonstrating that cognitive self-regulation is considered as a relevant competence in the advanced stages of life, decisive for achieving a satisfactory and inclusive active ageing.
Referencias bibliográficas
- Aberson, C. L., & Haag, S. C. (2007). Contact, perspective taking, and anxiety as predictors of stereotype endorsement, explicit attitudes, and implicit attitudes. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 10, 179-201.
- Aberson, C.L., Healy, M., & Romero, V. (2000). Ingroup Bias and Self-Esteem: A Meta-Analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4, 157-173.
- Allport, G (1954). The nature of prejudice. Cambridge, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.
- Alvarez, J.L., Jiménez, A., Palmero, C. y González, H. (2014). The fight against prejudice in older adults: perspective taking effectiveness. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología. 46 - 1, pp. 4 -30.
- Alvarez, J.L., Palmero, C. y Jiménez, A. (2011). Prejudice reduction in university programs for older adults, Educational Gerontology 37(2): 164 190.
- Amodio, D. M., & Devine, P. G. (2006). Stereotyping and evaluation of implicit race bias: Evidence for independent constructs and unique effects on behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 652-661.
- Bailey, P. E., & Henry, J. D. (2008). Growing less empathic eith age: Disinhibition of the self-perspective. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 63B, 219-226.
- Bargh, J. A. (2005). Bypassing the will: Towards demystifing the nonconscious control of social behavior. En R. R. Hassin, J. S. Uleman & J. A. Bargh (Eds.), The new unconscious (pp. 37-60). New York: Oxford Universty Press.
- Basabe, N. (2006). Versión española del NEO-FFI. Manuscrito no publicado, Universidad del País Vasco.
- Batson, C. D., Polycarpou, M. P., Harmon-Jones, E., Imhoff, H. J., Mitchner, E. C., Bednar, L. L., Klein, T. R., y Highberger, L. (1997). Empathy and attitudes: Can feeling for a member of a stigmatized group improve feelings toward the group? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 105-118.
- Blair, I. V. (2002). The malleability of automatic stereotypes and prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6, 242-261.
- Blair, I. V., Ma, J. E., & Lenton, A. P. (2001). Imagining stereotypes away: The moderation of implicit stereotypes through mental imagery. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 828-841.
- Castillo, J. L. A. (2005). Las metas en la reducción del prejuicio automático: experimentando la discrepancia. Psicothema, 17, 71-75.
- Costa, P.T., & McCrae, R.R. (2002). Inventario de Personalidad Neo Revisado (NEO PI-R). Inventario Neo Reducido de Cinco Factores (NEO-FFI) (2ª edición). Madrid: TEA Ediciones.
- Crisp, R.J. y Hewstone, M. (2007). Multiple social categorization. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 39, 163-254.
- Cuddy, A. J. C., Norton, M. I., & Fiske, S. T. (2005). This old stereotype: The pervasiveness and persistence of the elderly stereotype. Journal of Social Issues, 61, 267-285.
- Dasgupta, N. (2004). Implicit ingroup favoritism, outgroup favoritism, and their behavioral manifestations. Social Justice Research, 17, 143-169.
- Dasgupta, N., & Greenwald, A. G. (2001). On the malleability of automatic attitudes: Combating automatic prejudice with images of admired and disliked individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 800-814.
- Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 5-18.
- Dijksterhuis, A., Chartrand, T. L., & Aarts, H. (2007). Effects of priming and perception on social behavior and goal pursuit. En J. A. Bargh (Ed.), Social Psychology and the unconscious. The automaticity of higher mental processes (pp. 51-131). New York: Psychology Press.
- Dovidio, J. F., Brigham, J. C., Johnston, B. T, & Gaertner, S. L. (1996). Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination: Another look. En C. N. Macrae, C. Stangor & M. Hewstone (Eds.), Stereotypes and stereotyping (pp. 276-319). New York: Guilford Press.
- Dovidio, J. F., Kawakami, K., & Gaertner, S. L. (2002). Implicit and explicit prejudice and interracial interactions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 62-68.
- Ekehammar, B., & Akrami, N. (2003). The relation between personality and prejudice: A variable- and a person-centered approach. European Journal of Personality, 17, 449-464.
- Ekehammar, B., & Akrami, N. (2007). Personality and Prejudice: From Big Five Personality Factors to Facets. Journal of Personality 75, 5, 899-925.
- Epley, N., Keysar, B., Van Boven, L., & Gilovich, T. (2004a). Perspective taking as egocentric anchoring and adjustment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 327-339.
- Epley, N., Morewedge, C. K., & Keysar, B. (2004b). Perspective taking in children and adults: Equivalent egocentrism but differential correction. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 760-768.
- Feather, N. T., & McKee, I. R. (2008). Values and prejudice: Predictors of attitudes towards Australian Aborigines. Australian Journal of Psychology, 60, 80-90.
- Fiske, S. T. (2000). Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination at the seam between the centuries: Evolution, culture, mind, and brain. European Journal of Social Psychology, 30, 299-322.
- Flynn, F. J. (2005). Having an open mind: The impact of openness to experience on interracial attitudes and impression formation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 816-826.
- Galinsky, A. D. (2002). Creating and reducing intergroup conflict: The role of perspective-taking in affecting outgroup evaluations. En N. M. A. Mannix, E. A. Mannix & H. Sondak (Eds.), Toward phenomenology of groups and group membership (Vol. 4, pp. 85-113). Greenwich, CT: JAI.
- Galinsky, A. D., & Ku, G. (2004). The effects of perspective-taking on Prejudice: The moderating role of self-evaluation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 594-604.
- Galinsky, A. D., Ku, G., & Wang, C. S. (2005). Perspective-taking and self-other overlap: Fostering social bonds and facilitating social coordination. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 8,109-124.
- Galinsky, A. D., & Moskowitz, G. B. (2000). Perspective-taking: Decreasing stereotype expression, stereotype accessibility, and in-group favoritism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 708-724.
- Galinsky, A. D., Wang, C. S., & Ku, G. (2008). Perspective-takers behave more stereotypically. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 404-419.
- García, M. C., Navas, M. S., Cuadrado, I., & Molero, F. (2003). Inmigración y prejuicio: actitudes de una muestra de adolescentes almerienses. Acción Psicológica, 2, 137-147.
- Gonsalkorale, K., Sherman, J. W., & Klauer, K. C. (2009). Aging and prejudice: Diminished regulation of automatic race bias among older adults. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 410-414.
- Greenwald, A. G., Mcghee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464-1480.
- Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R. (2003). Understanding ans usin the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorythm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 197-216.
- Greenwald, A. G., Poehlman, T. A., Uhlmann, E. L., & Banaji, M. R. (2009). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: III. Meta-analysis of predictive validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 17-41.
- Henry, J. D., von Hippel, W., & Baynes, K. (2009). Social inappropriateness, executive control, and aging. Psychology and Aging, 24, 239-244.
- Hernández, C. R., & González, M. Z. (2008). Effects of intergenerational interaction on aging. Educational Gerontology, 34, 292-305.
- Hewstone, M. (2000). Contact and categorization: social psychological interventions to change intergroup relations. In Steretotypes and Prejudice: Essential Readings, ed. C., Stangor, (pp.394-418. New York: psychology Press.
- Hillman, J., & Martin, R. A. (2002). Lessons about gay and lesbians lives: A spaceship exercise. Teaching of Psychology, 29, 308-311.
- Hippel, W. von, Silver, L. A., & Lynch, M. E. (2000). Stereotyping against your will: The role ofinhibitory ability in stereotyping and prejudice among the elderly. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 523-532.
- Hodson, G. (2009). The puzzling person-situation schism in prejudice research. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 247-248.
- Karpinski, A. (2004). Measuring self-esteem using the implicit Association Test: The role of the other. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 22-34.
- Kunda, Z., & Spencer, S. J. (2003). When do stereotypes come to mind and when do they color judgment? A goal-based theoretical framework for stereotype activation and application. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 522-544.
- McConahay, J. B. (1986). Modern racism, ambivalence, and the Modern Racism Scale. En J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 91-125). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
- McConahay, J. B., Hardee, B. B., & Batts, V. (1981). Has racism declined in America? It depends upon who is asking and what is asked. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 25, 563-579.
- Nelson, T. D. (2008). The Young science of prejudice against older adults: Established answers and open questions about ageism. En E. Borgida &S. Fiske (Ed.), Beyond common sense: Psychological science in the courtroom (pp. 45-61). Malden: Blackwell Publishing.
- Nosek, B. A., Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (2005). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: II. Method variables and construct validity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 166-180.
- Nosek, B. A., Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (2007). The Implicit Association Test at age 7: A methodological and conceptual review. En J. A. Bargh (Ed.), Social Psychology and the unconscious. The automaticity of higher mental processes (pp. 265-292). New York: Psychology Press.
- Olson, M. A., & Fazio, R. H. (2003). Relations between implicit measures of prejudice: What are we measuring? Psychological Science, 14, 636-639.
- Olson, M. A., & Fazio, R. H. (2006). Reducing automatically activated racial prejudice through implicit evaluative conditioning. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 421-433.
- Palacios, C. S., Torres, M. V. T., & Mena, M. J. B. (2009). Negative aging stereotypes and their relation with psychosocial variables in the elderly population. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 48, 385-390.
- Palmero, C. (2008). Formación Universitaria de Personas Mayores y promoción de la autonomía personal. Políticas socioeducativas, metodologías e innovaciones, Burgos, Universidad de Burgos.
- Palmero, C. y Jiménez, A. (2008). The quality of university programas for older people in Spain: Innovations, tendencies and ethics in the face of active ageing and the European Higher Education Area. Educational Gerontology, 44, 4, 328-354.
- Palmero, C., Jiménez, A., García, E., Luis, I., de la Torre, T. y Gañán. A. (2012). Diseño y Evaluación de Multimedia innovadora para la reducción de prejuicios y estereotipia en personas mayores.
- International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Nº1-Vol.1, pp: 423-432
- Palmero, C., Luis, I., de la Torre, T., Gañán, A., Baños, V., Escolar,C. Corbí, M. y Jiménez, A., (2014) Avances en la validación de un programa de reducción de estereotipos y prejuicios en personas mayores. International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology. 7 - 1, pp. 519- 526.
- Paluck, E. L., & Green, D. P. (2009). Prejudice reduction: What works? A review and assessment of research and practice. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 339-367.
- Payne, B. K., & Stewart, B. D. (2007). Automatic and controlled components of social cognition: A process dissociation approach. En J. A. Bargh (Ed.), Social Psychology and the unconscious. The automaticity of higher mental processes (pp. 293-315). New York: Psychology Press.
- Pettigrew, T. F. (2006). A two-level approach to anti-immigrant prejudice and discrimination. En R. Mahalingam (Ed.), Cultural psychology of immigrants (pp. 95-112). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Pettigrew, T. F. (2008). Future directions for intergroup contact theory and research. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 32, 187-199.
- Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2005). Allport’s Intergroup Contact Hypothesis: Its history and influence. En J. F. Dovidio, P. Glick & L. A. Rudman (Eds.), On the nature of prejudice: Fifty years after Allport (pp. 36-53). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
- Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 751-783.
- Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2008). How does intergroup contact reduce prejudice? Meta-analytic tests of three mediators. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38, 922-934.
- Quillian, L. (2006). New approaches to understanding racial prejudice and discrimination. Annual Review of Sociology, 32, 299-328.
- Quillian, L. (2008). Does unconscious racism exist? Social Psychology Quarterly, 71, 6-11.
- Radvansky, G. A., Lynchard, N. A., & von Hippel, W. (2009). Aging and stereotype suppression. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 16, 22-32.
- Roustan, J., Abela, J. A., Rodríguez, L. C., Arnau, D. C., Blasco, A. L., & Moreno, L. N. (2005). Informe Juventud en España 2004. Madrid: Instituto de la Juventud.
- Rudman, L. A., Ashmore, R. D., & Gary, M. L. (2001). “Unlearning” automatic biases: The malleability of implicit prejudice and stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 856-868.
- Schneider, D. J. (2004). The psychology of stereotyping. New York: The Guilford Press.
- Schutz, H., & Six, B. (1996). How strong is the relationship between prejudice and discrimination? A meta-analytic answer. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 20, 441-462.
- Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theory and empirical tests in 20 countries. In M. Zanna (ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, 25 (pp. 1-65). Nueva York: Academic Press.
- Schwartz, S. H. (1994). Are there universal aspects in the content and structure of values? Journal of Social Issues, 50, 19-45.
- Schwartz, S. H., Melech, G., Lehmann, A., Burgess, S., & Harris, M. (2001). Extending the crosscultural validity of the theory of basic human values with a different methods of measurement. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32, 519-542.
- Serrano, M. M., & Hermida, O. V. (2001). Informe Juventud en España 2000. Madrid: Instituto de la Juventud.
- Sibley, C., & Duckitt, J. (2008). Personality and prejudice: A meta-analysis and theoretical review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 12, 248-279.
- Stephan, W.G., y Stephan, C.W. (2001) Improving Intergroup Relations. Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage
- Stewart, B. D., von Hippel, W., & Radvansky, G. A. (2009). Age, race, and implicit prejudice: Using process dissociation to separate the underlying components. Psychological Science, 20, 164- 168.
- Vescio, T. K., Sechrist, G. B., & Paolucci, M. P. (2003). Perspective taking and prejudice reduction: The mediational role of empathy arousal and situational attribution. European Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 455-472.
- Weyant, J. M. (2007). Perspective Taking as a Means of Reducing Negative Stereotyping of Individuals Who Speak English as a Second Language. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37, 703-716.
- Wheeler, S. C., & Petty, R. E. (2001). The effects of stereotype activation on behavior: A review of possible mechanisms. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 797-826.
- Wittenbrink, B., Judd, C. M., & Park, B. (2001). Spontaneous prejudice in context: Variability in automatically activated attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 815-827.