The Analysis of Nonverbal CommunicationThe Dangers of Pseudoscience in Security and Justice Contexts

  1. Vincent Denault
  2. Pierrich Plusquellec
  3. Louise M. Jupe
  4. Michel St-Yves
  5. Norah E. Dunbar
  6. Maria Hartwig
  7. Siegfried L. Sporer
  8. Jessica Rioux-Turcotte
  9. Jonathan Jarry
  10. Dave Walsh
  11. Henry Otgaar
  12. Andrei Viziteu
  13. Victoria Talwar
  14. David A. Keatley
  15. Iris Blandón-Gitlin
  16. Clint Townson
  17. Nadine Deslauriers-Varin
  18. Scott O. Lilienfeld
  19. Miles L. Patterson
  20. Igor Areh
  21. Alfred Allan
  22. Hilary Evans Cameron
  23. Rémi Boivin
  24. Leanne ten Brinke
  25. Jaume Masip
  26. Ray Bull
  27. Mireille Cyr
  28. Lorraine Hope
  29. Leif A. Strömwall
  30. Stephanie J. Bennet
  31. Antonio Manzanero
  32. Samantha Mann
  33. Pär-Anders Granhag
  34. Karl Ask
  35. Fiona Gabbert
  36. Jean-Pierre Guay
  37. Alexandre Coutant
  38. Jeffrey Hancock
  39. Valerie Manusov
  40. Judee K. Burgoon
  41. Steven M. Kleinman
  42. Gordon Wright
  43. Sara Landström
  44. Ian Freckelton
  45. Zarah Vernham
  46. Peter J. van Koppen
  47. Mostrar todos los/as autores/as +
Revista:
Anuario de psicología jurídica

ISSN: 1133-0740

Año de publicación: 2020

Número: 30

Páginas: 1-12

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.5093/APJ2019A9 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openAcceso abierto editor

Otras publicaciones en: Anuario de psicología jurídica

Objetivos de desarrollo sostenible

Resumen

Para los profesionales de la seguridad y la justicia (policías, abogados, jueces), los miles de artículos revisados por pares sobre comunicación no verbal representan fuentes importantes de conocimiento. Sin embargo, a pesar del alcance del trabajo científico realizado sobre este tema, los profesionales pueden recurrir a programas, métodos y enfoques que no reflejan el estado real de la ciencia. El objetivo de este artículo es examinar (i) los conceptos de comunicación no verbal transmitidos por estos programas, métodos y enfoques, pero también (ii) las consecuencias de su uso (por ejemplo, sobre la vida o la libertad de las personas). Para lograr estos objetivos, describimos el alcance de la investigación científica sobre la comunicación no verbal. Se examina un programa (SPOT: Evaluación de pasajeros mediante técnicas de observación), un método (BAI: Entrevista de análisis de conducta) y un enfoque (sinergología) que contradicen el estado de la ciencia. Finalmente, presentamos cinco hipótesis para explicar por qué algunas organizaciones en los campos de la seguridad y la justicia están recurriendo a la pseudociencia y a las técnicas pseudocientíficas. Concluimos el artículo invitando a estas organizaciones a trabajar con la comunidad académica internacional especializada en la investigación sobre comunicación no verbal y detección de mentiras (y verdad) para implementar prácticas basadas en la evidencia.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Aamodt, M. G., & Custer, H. (2006). Who can best catch a liar? A metaanalysis of individual differences in detecting deception. The Forensic Examiner, 15(1), 6-11.
  • Abbe, A., & Brandon, S. E. (2013). The role of rapport in investigative interviewing: A review. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 10, 237-249. https://doi.org/10.1002/jip.1386
  • ACLU. (2017). Bad trip: Debunking the TSA’s ‘behavior detection’ program. Retrieved from https://www.aclu.org/report/bad-trip-debunkingtsas-behavior-detection-program
  • American Psychological Association. (2017). Summary report of journal operations, 2016. American Psychologist, 72, 499-500. https://doi. org/10.1037/amp0000172
  • Asendorpf, J. B., Conner, M., De Fruyt, F., De Houwer, J., Denissen, J. J. A., Fiedler, K., … Wicherts, J. M. (2013). Recommendations for increasing replicability in psychology. European Journal of Personality, 27, 108119. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.1919
  • Association Européenne de Synergologie. (n.d.). Code de déontologie de la synergology [Code of ethics of synergology]. Retrieved from https:// synergologie-aes.eu/code-ethique-de-la-synergologie/
  • Axelrad, B. (2012). Quand le corps dit tout haut ce que l’esprit pense tout bas [When the body says out loud what the mind is thinking]. Retrieved from http://www.pseudo-sciences.org/spip.php?article1911
  • Bagoe, F. (2015). Tous les non-dits sont des mensonges [All the unsaids are lies]. Repéré à http://www.ds2c.fr/blog/tousles-non-dits-sont-desmensonges.html
  • Barreau du Québec. (n.d.a). Le langage corporel I: Décoder ce qu’on ne dit pas [Body language I: Decoding what we don’t say]. Retrieved from http:// webpro.barreau.qc.ca/le-langage-corporel.html (retrieved on July 10, 2013).
  • Barreau du Québec. (n.d.b). Le langage corporel II: Maîtriser l’art de l’interrogatoire [Body language II: Mastering the art of interviewing]. Retrieved from http://webpro.barreau.qc.ca/le-langage-corporel-2. html (retrieved on July 10, 2013).
  • Bayley, D., & Weisburd, D. (2009). Cops and spooks: The role of police in counterterrorism. In D. Weisburd, T. E. Feucht, I. Hakimi, L. F. Mock, & S. Perry (Eds.), To protect and to serve: Policing in an age of terrorism (p. 81-99). New York, NY: Springer.
  • Bensley. D. A., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2017). Psychological misconceptions: Recent scientific advances and unresolved issues. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 26, 377-382. https://doi. org/10.1177/0963721417699026
  • Bensley, D. A., Lilienfeld, S., & Powell, L. A. (2014). A new measure of psychological misconceptions: Relations with academic background, critical thinking, and acceptance of paranormal and pseudoscientific claims. Learning and Individual Differences, 36, 9-18. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.lindif.2014.07.009
  • Blair, J. P., & Kooi, B. (2004). The gap between training and research in the detection of deception. International Journal of Police Science and Management, 6, 77-83. https://doi.org/10.1350/ijps.6.2.77.34465
  • Blancke, S., Boudry, M., & Pigliucci, M. (2017). Why do irrational beliefs mimic science? The cultural evolution of pseudoscience. Theoria, 83, 78-97. https://doi.org/10.1111/theo.12109
  • Bogaard, G., Meijer, E. H., Vrij, A., & Merckelbach, H. (2016). Strong, but wrong: Lay people’s and police officers’ beliefs about verbal and nonverbal cues to deception. Plos One, 11(6). https://doi.org/10.1371/ journal.pone.0156615
  • Bond, C. F., Jr., & DePaulo, B. M. (2006). Accuracy of deception judgments. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10, 214-234. https://doi. org/10.1207/s15327957pspr1003_2
  • Bond, C. F., Jr., Howard, A. R., Hutchison, J. L., & Masip, J. (2013). Overlooking the obvious: Incentives to lie. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 35, 212-221. https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2013.764302
  • Boston Globe (2018). Welcome to the quiet skies. Retrieved from http:// apps.bostonglobe.com/news/nation/graphics/2018/07/tsa-quietskies/
  • Boudry, M., Blancke, S., & Pigliucci, M. (2015). What makes weird beliefs thrive? The epidemiology of pseudoscience. Philosophical Psychology, 28, 1177-1198. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515089.2014.971946
  • Borkenau, P., Mauer, N., Riemann, R., Spinath, F. M., & Angleitner, A. (2004). Thin slices of behavior as cues of personality and intelligence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 599-614. https://doi. org/10.1037/0022-3514.86.4.599
  • Bronstein, M. V., Pennycook, G., Bear, A., Rand, G., & Cannon, T. D., (2018). Belief in fake news is associated with delusionality, dogmatism, religious fundamentalism, and reduced analytic thinking. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2018.09.005
  • Bunard, S. (2018). Vos gestes disent tout haut ce que vous pensez tout bas [Your gestures say out loud what you are thinking]. Linselles, France: Sobook.
  • Burgoon, J. K., Guerrero, L. K., & Floyd, K. (2010). Nonverbal communication. Boston, MA: Pearson.
  • Carney, D. R., Colvin, C. R., & Hall, J. A. (2007). A thin slice perspective on the accuracy of first impressions. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 1054-1072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2007.01.004
  • Chin, J.M., & Workewych, L. (2016). The CSI effect. In M. Dubber (Ed.), Oxford handbooks online. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Cohen, M. H., & Eisenberg, D. M. (2012). Potential physician malpractice liability associated with complementary and integrative medical therapies. Annals of Internal Medicine, 136, 596-603. https://doi. org/10.7326/0003-4819-136-8-200204160-00009
  • Cohen, M. H., & Kemper, K. J. (2005). Complementary therapies in pediatrics: A legal perspective. Pediatrics, 115, 774-780. https://doi. org/10.1542/peds.2004-1093
  • Collignon, R. (2012). Synergologie: interview de Christine Gagnon, experte du domaine [Synergology: Interview with Christine Gagnon, expert in the field]. Décodeur du nonverbal. Retrieved from http://www.decodeur dunonverbal.fr/christine-gagnon/ (retrieved on November 25, 2012).
  • Cellule SCAN. (n.d.). Devenir SCAN [Become SCAN]. (retrieved on November 25, 2012). https://cellulescan.com/devenir-scan-formateur/
  • Colwell, L. H., Miller, H. A., Miller, R. S., & Lyons, P. M. (2006). US police officers’ knowledge regarding behaviors indicative of deception: Implications for eradicating erroneous beliefs through training. Psychology, Crime & Law, 12, 489-503. https://doi.org/10.1080/10683160500254839
  • Committee on Science, Space, and Technology. (2011). Behavioral science and security: Evaluating TSA’s SPOT program. Retrieved from https:// www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-112hhrg65053/pdf/CHRG112hhrg65053.pdf
  • Denault, V. (2015). Communication non verbale et crédibilité des témoins [Nonverbal communication and the credibility of witnesses]. Cowansville, Montreal: Yvon Blais.
  • Denault, V. (2017). Le «langage» non verbal des témoins, quand les pseudosciences s’invitent au tribunal [The “body language” of witnesses, when pseudosciences are invited in the courtroom]. ScriptUM: La revue du Colloque VocUM 2015, 2, 96-118.
  • Denault, V. (2018). Developing critical thinking in a world of irrational beliefs. Autoethnographic perspectives from a former advocate of pseudoscience on transitioning to evidence-based academia. Manuscript in preparation.
  • Denault, V. & Dunbar, N. (2017). Nonverbal communication in courtrooms: Scientific assessments or modern trials by ordeal? The Advocates’ Quarterly, 47, 280-308.
  • Denault, V., & Jupe, L. M. (2017). Justice at risk! An evaluation of a pseudoscientific analysis of a witness’ nonverbal behavior in the courtroom. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 29, 221-242. https://doi.org/10.1080/14789949.2017.1358758
  • Denault, V., Larivée, S., Plouffe, D., & Plusquellec, P. (2015). La synergologie, une lecture pseudoscientifique du langage corporel [Synergology, a pseudoscientific reading of body language]. Revue de psychoéducation, 43, 425-455. https://doi.org/10.7202/1039262ar
  • DePaulo, B. M., Lindsay, J. J., Malone, B. E., Muhlenbruck, L., Charlton, K., & Cooper, H. (2003). Cues to deception. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 74112. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.1.74
  • Eyberg, S. M., Nelson, M. M., & Boggs, S. R. (2008). Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for children and adolescents with disruptive behavior. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 37, 215237. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374410701820117
  • Foster, H. P., Schwartz, J., & DeRenzo, E. (2002). Reducing legal risk by practicing patient-centered medicine. Archive of Internal Medicine, 162, 1217-1219. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.11.1217
  • Fowler, K. A., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Patrick, C. J. (2009). Detecting psychopathy from thin slices of behavior. Psychological Assessment, 21(2), 68-78. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014938
  • Freckelton, I. (2016). Scholarly misconduct: Law, regulation and practice. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Gagnon, C. (n.d.a). Formation groupe élite [Elite group training]. Retrieved from https://www.christinegagnon.ca/fr/domaine-de-la-securite/formationgroupe-elite
  • Gagnon, C. (n.d.b). Qu’est-ce que la synergologie? [What is synergology?] Retrieved from http://www.christinegagnon.ca/fr/synergologie/quest-ce-que-la-synergologie (retrieved on September 4, 2018).
  • Gagnon, C. (2015). La synergologie est là pour rester [Synergology is here to stay]. https://www.christinegagnon.ca/fr/blogue/la-synergologie-estla-pour-rester
  • Gagnon, C. (2018). Les agents «dernier cri»: lire la menace [The “cuttingedge” agents: Read the threat]. Retrieved from https://www. christinegagnon.ca/fr/blogue/scan-les-agents-dernier-cri-lire-la-menace
  • Gagnon, C., & Martineau, C. (2010). Voir mentir [Seeing a lie]. Le Gardeur: Éditions Propulsion.
  • Gambrill, E. (2005). Critical thinking in clinical practice: Improving the quality of judgments and decisions. New York, NY: Wiley.
  • Garrido, E., Masip, J., & Herrero, C. (2004). Police officers’ credibility judgments: Accuracy and estimated ability. International Journal of Psychology, 39, 254-275. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207590344000411
  • Gauchat, G. (2012). Politicization of science in the public sphere: A study of public trust in the United States, 1974 to 2010. American Sociological Review, 77, 167-187. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122412438225
  • Granhag, P. A., & Strömwall, L. A. (Eds.) (2004). The detection of deception in forensic contexts. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Granhag, P. A., Vrij, A., & Verschuere, B. (Eds.) (2015). Detecting deception: Current challenges and cognitive approaches. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
  • Gudjonsson, G. H. (2014). Vulnérabilités mentales et fausses confessions [Mental vulnerabilities and false confessions]. In M. St-Yves (Ed.), Les entrevues d’enquête: L’essentiel (pp. 199-236). Cowansville, Montreal: Yvon Blais.
  • Hall, J. A., & Knapp, M. L. (Eds.) (2013). Nonverbal communication. Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter Mouton.
  • Harrigan, J. A. (2005). Proxemics, kinesics and gaze. In J. A. Harrigan, R. Rosenthal & K. R. Scherer (Eds.). The new handbook of methods in nonverbal behavior research (pp. 137-198). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Harrigan, J. A., Rosenthal, R., & Scherer, K. R. (2005). The new handbook of methods in nonverbal behavior research. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Hartwig, M., & Bond, C. F., Jr. (2011). Why do lie-catchers fail? A lens model meta-analysis of human lie judgments. Psychological Bulletin, 137, 643-659. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023589
  • Hartwig, M., & Bond, C. F., Jr. (2014). Lie detection from multiple cues: A meta-analysis. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 28, 661-676. https://doi. org/10.1002/acp.3052
  • Hauch, V., Sporer, S. L., Michael, S. W., & Meissner, C. A. (2016). Does training improve detection of deception? A meta-analysis. Communication Monographs, 43, 283-343. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650214534974
  • Horgan, A. J., Russano, M. B., Meissner, C. A., & Evans, J. R. (2012). Minimization and maximization techniques: Assessing the perceived consequences of confessing and confession diagnosticity. Psychology, Crime, & Law, 18, 65-78. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2011.561801
  • Horvath, F., Jayne, B., & Buckley, J. (1994). Differentiation of truthful and deceptive criminal suspects in behavior analysis interviews. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 39, 793-807. https://doi.org/10.1520/JFS13657J
  • Howard, P. (2004). Hard won lessons: How police fight terrorism in the United Kingdom. New York, NY: Manhattan Institute for Policy Research.
  • Inbau, F. E., Reid, J. E., Buckley, J. P., & Jayne, B. C. (2013). Criminal interrogation and confessions. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
  • Institut Européen de Synergologie. (2015, November 7). Info Synergo!!! [Online video]. Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/InstitutEuropeenDeSynergologie/videos/598476310301856/ (retrieved on July 28, 2017)
  • Institut Québécois de Synergologie. (2016). Dire n’importe quoi [To say anything]. Retrieved from http://www.institutquebecoisdesynergologie. com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Dire-nimporte-quoi_Final.pdf
  • Institut Québécois de Synergologie. (2018). Qu’est-ce que la Synergologie? [What is synergology?] Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=79AAVIf7-Fg
  • Institut Québécois de Synergologie. (n.d.). Programme [Program]. Retrieved from http://www.institutquebecoisdesynergologie.com/programme/
  • Jarry, J. (2016, May 21). Vlog 10: Lie to me, synergology [Online video]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F2kvuLG_57c
  • Jarry, J. (2018, January 12). Lies and nonverbal communication [Online video]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qIgwbE7XUC8
  • John E. Reid & Associates. (n.d.a). Behavior analysis interview. Retrieved from http://www.reid.com/services/r_behavior.html
  • John E. Reid & Associates. (n.d.b). Interviewing and interrogation. Retrieved from http://www.reid.com/training_programs/interview_overview.html
  • John E. Reid & Associates. (n.d.c). Training programs. Retrieved from http:// www.reid.com/training_programs/r_training.html
  • Jupe, L. M., & Denault, V. (2018). Science or pseudoscience? A distinction that matters for police officers, lawyers and judges. Manuscript submitted for publication.
  • Kassin, S. (2015). The social psychology of false confession. Social Issues and Policy Review, 9(1), 25-51. https://doi.org/10.1111/sipr.12009
  • Kassin, S. M., & Fong, C. T. (1999). I’m innocent! Effects of training on judgments of truth and deception in the interrogation room. Law and Human Behavior, 23, 499-516. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022330011811
  • Kassin, S. M., & Gudjonsson, G. H. (2004). The psychology of confessions: A review of the literature and issues. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 5, 33-67. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-1006.2004.00016.x
  • Kassin, S. M., & Sukel, H. (1997). Coerced confessions and the jury: An experimental test of the “harmless error” rule. Law and Human Behavior, 21, 27-46. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024814009769
  • Knapp, M. L., Hall, J. A., & Horgan, T. G. (2014). Nonverbal communication in human interaction. Boston, MA: Wadsworth.
  • Kozinski, A. (2015). Criminal law 2.0. Georgetown Law Review, 44, iii-xliv.
  • LaFree, G., & Freilich, J. D. (2018). Government policies for counteracting violent extremism. Annual Review of Criminology, 2, 383-404. https:// doi.org/10.1146/annurev-criminol-011518-024542
  • Lagacé, P. (2015). La caution des organisations [The endorsement of the organizations]. Retrieved from http://plus.lapresse.ca/screens/ da1d760d-953b-43fa-b350-2f8f1c25c8a2__7C__pk7AaYX07uQi.html
  • Lardellier, P. (2008). Pour en finir avec la «synergologie»: Une analyse critique d’une pseudoscience du «décodage du non-verbal» [To put an end to “synergology”: A critical analysis of a pseudoscience of “nonverbal decoding”]. Communication, 26, 197-223.
  • Lardellier, P. (2017). Enquête sur le business de la communication non verbale: Une analyse critique des pseudosciences du «langage corporel» [Investigation into the nonverbal communication business: A critical analysis of the pseudosciences of “body language”]. Cormelles-leRoyal, France: Éditions Management & Société.
  • Levine, T. R., Serota, K. B., & Shulman, H. C. (2010). The impact of Lie to Me on viewers’ actual ability to detect deception. Communication Research, 37, 847-856. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650210362686
  • Lilienfeld, S. O., & Landfield, K. (2008). Science and pseudoscience in law enforcement: A user-friendly primer. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 35, 1215-1230. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854808321526
  • Loranger, J., & Loranger, J. (2019). L’évaluation de la scientificité et le mythe des pseudosciences [The evaluation of scientificity and the myth of pseudosciences]. Repentigny, Quebec: Les Éditions Propulsion.
  • Lum, C., & Koper, C. S. (2015). Evidence-based policing. In R. Dunham & G. Alperts (Eds.), Critical issues in policing (pp. 1-12). Longrove, IL: Waveland Press.
  • Majima, Y. (2015). Belief in pseudoscience, cognitive style and science literacy. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 29, 552-559. https://doi. org/10.1002/acp.3136
  • Mann, H., Garcia-Rada, X., Houser, D., & Ariely, D. (2014). Everybody else is doing it: Exploring social transmission of lying behavior. Plos One, 9(10). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0109591
  • Mann, S., Vrij, A., & Bull, R. (2002). Suspects, lies and videotape: An analysis of authentic high-stake liars. Law and Human Behaviour, 26, 365-376. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015332606792
  • Mann, S., Vrij, A., & Bull, R. (2004). Detecting true lies: Police officers’ ability to detect suspects’ lies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 137-149. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.89.1.137
  • Manusov, V., & Patterson, M. L. (Eds.) (2006). The Sage handbook of nonverbal communication. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Masip, J. (2017). Deception detection: State of the art and future prospects. Psicothema, 29, 149-159. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2017.34
  • Masip, J., Barba, A., & Herrero, C. (2012). Behavior analysis interview and common sense. A study with novice and experienced officers. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 19, 21-34. https://doi.org/10.1080/132 18719.2010.543402
  • Masip, J., & Herrero, C. (2013). “What would you say if you were guilty?” Suspects’ strategies during a hypothetical behavior analysis interview concerning a serious crime. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 27, 60-70. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.2872
  • Masip, J., Herrero, C., Garrido, E., & Barba, A. (2011). Is the behavior analysis interview just common sense? Applied Cognitive Psychology, 25, 593-604. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1728
  • Mast, M. S., Gatica-Perez, D., Frauendorfer, D., Nguyen, L., & Choudhury, T. (2015). Social sensing for psychology automated interpersonal behavior assessment. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24, 154-160. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721414560811
  • Matsumoto, M., Hwang, H. C., & Frank, M. G. (Eds.) (2016). APA handbook of nonverbal communication. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Meissner, C. A., & Kassin, S. M. (2002). He’s guilty! Investigator bias in judgments of truth and deception. Law and Human Behavior, 26, 469-480. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020278620751
  • Monnin, C. (2009). Impact de la communication voco-visuelle dans le management sur la motivation des collaborateurs [Impact of vocal-visual communication in management on employee motivation] (unpublished doctoral dissertation). École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Suisse.
  • Moore, N.-J., Hickson, M., & Stacks, D. W. (2014). Nonverbal communication: Studies and applications. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Nisbet, E. C., Cooper, K. E., & Garrett, R. K. (2015). The partisan brain: How dissonant science messages lead conservatives and liberals to (dis)trust science. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 658(1), 36-66. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716214555474
  • Office of Inspector General (2016). Verification review of transportation security administration’s screening of passengers by observation techniques/behavior detection and analysis program. Retrieved from https://www.oig.dhs.gov/assets/VR/FY16/OIG-16-111-VR-Jul16.pdf
  • Okpych, N. J., & Yu, J. L.-H. (2014). A historical analysis of evidence-based practice in social work: The unfinished journey toward an empirically grounded profession. Social Service Review 88, 3-58. https://doi. org/10.1086/674969
  • Oltmanns, T. F., Friedman, J. N. W., Fiedler, E. R., & Turkheimer, E. (2004). Perceptions of people with personality disorders based on thin slices of behavior. Journal of Research in Personality, 38, 216-229. https:// doi.org/10.1016/S0092-6566(03)00066-7
  • Ormerod, T. C., & Dando, C. J. (2015). Finding a needle in a haystack: Toward a psychologically informed method for aviation security screening. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 144, 76-84. https://doi. org/10.1037/xge0000030
  • Patterson, M. L. (2011). More than words: The power of nonverbal communication: Barcelona, España: Editorial Aresta.
  • Pennycook, G., Cheyne, J. A., Barr, N., Koehler, D. J., & Fugelsang, J. A. (2015). On the reception and detection of pseudo-profound bullshit. Judgment and Decision Making, 10, 549-563.
  • Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G., (2018). Lazy, not biased: Susceptibility to partisan fake news is better explained by lack of reasoning than by motivated reasoning. Cognition. Advance online publication. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2018.06.011
  • Plusquellec, P., & Denault, V. (2018). The 1000 most cited papers on visible nonverbal behavior: A bibliometric analysis. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 42, 347-377. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-018-0280-9
  • Porter, S., & ten Brinke, L. (2009). Dangerous decisions: A theoretical framework for understanding how judges assess credibility in the courtroom. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 14, 119-134. https:// doi.org/10.1348/135532508X281520
  • Reinhard, M.-A., Sporer, S. L., & Scharmach, M. (2013). Perceived familiarity with a judgmental situation improves lie detection ability. Swiss Journal of Psychology, 72(1), 53-61. https://doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185/a000098
  • Reinhard, M.-A., Sporer, S. L., Scharmach, M., & Marksteiner, T. (2011). Listening, not watching: Situational familiarity and the ability to detect deception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, 467-484. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023726
  • Rochat, N., Delmas, H., Denault, V., Elissalde, B., & Demarchi, S. (2018). La synergologie révisée par les pairs, analyse d’une publication [Peerreviewed synergology, analysis of a publication]. Revue québécoise de psychologie, 39, 247-266. https://doi.org/10.7202/1051231ar
  • Russano, M. B., Meissner, C. A., Narchet, F. M., & Kassin, S. M. (2005). Investigating true and false confessions within a novel experimental paradigm. Psychological Science, 16, 481-486. https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.0956-7976.2005.01560.x
  • Shen, F. X., & Gromet, D. M. (2015). Red states, blue states, and brain states: Issue framing, partisanship, and the future of neurolaw in the United States. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 658(1), 86-101. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716214555693
  • Sherman, L. W. (2013). The rise of evidence-based policing: Targeting, testing, and tracking. Crime and Justice, 42, 377-451. https://doi.org/10.1086/670819
  • Shermer, M. (2002). Why people believe in weird things. New York, NY: Henry Holt and Company.
  • Shipman, M. (2014). The limitations of social research (4th ed.). London, UK: Routledge.
  • Snook, B., Eastwood, J., & Barron, W. T. (2014). The next stage in the evolution of interrogations: The PEACE model. Canadian Criminal Law Review, 18, 219-239.
  • Sporer, S. L., & Schwandt, B. (2006). Paraverbal indicators of deception: A meta-analytic synthesis. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 20, 421-446. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1190
  • Sporer, S. L., & Schwandt, B. (2007). Moderators of nonverbal indicators of deception: A meta-analytic synthesis. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 13(1), 1-34. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8971.13.1.1
  • Stillman, T. F., Maner, J. K., & Baumeister, R. F. (2010). A thin slice of violence: Distinguishing violent from nonviolent sex offenders at a glance. Evolution and Human Behavior, 31, 298-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. evolhumbehav.2009.12.001
  • Story, M. (2018). Au-delà des mots: Guide de la communication non verbal [Beyond words: A guide to nonverbal communication]. Paris, France: Maxima.
  • St-Yves, M. (2006). Psychology of rapport: Five basic rules. In T. Williamson (Ed.), Investigative interviewing: Rights, research, regulation (pp. 87106). Portland, OR: Willan Publishing.
  • St-Yves, M., & Meissner, C. A. (2014). L’entrevue de suspects [The interview of suspects]. In M. St-Yves (Ed.), Les entrevues d’enquête: L’essentiel (pp. 153-198). Cowansville, Montreal: Yvon Blais.
  • Sweet, D. M., Meissner C. A., & Atkinson D. J. (2017). Assessing law enforcement performance in behavior-based threat detection tasks involving a concealed weapon or device. Law and Human Behavior, 41, 411-421. https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000243
  • Synergology, the Official Website. (n.d.a). Décrypter le langage corporel avec la discipline synergologie [Decipher body language with the discipline of synergology]. Retrieved from http://non-verbal.synergologie.org/ nonverbal/synergologie
  • Synergology, the Official Website. (n.d.b). La Synergologie, discipline scientifique de lecture des gestes [Synergology, a scientific discipline for reading gestures]. Retrieved from http://non-verbal.synergologie. org/nonverbal/synergologie/la-perspective-synergologique
  • Synergologie, the Official Website. (n.d.c). Le Synergologue analyse et interprète la communication non verbale: Savoir décrypter le mensonge en observant votre interlocuteur [The Synergologist analyses and interprets non-verbal communication: Knowing how to decipher lies by observing your interlocutor]. Retrieved from http://formation. synergologie.org/formations/qui-se-forme-a-la-synergologie/lesmetiers-de-la-justice
  • Synergology, the Official Website. (n.d.d). Les centres de formation officiels [The official training centres]. Retrieved from http://www. synergologie.org/sites-partenaires
  • Synergology, the Official Website. (n.d.e). Page d’accueil [Home page]. Retrieved from http://www.synergologie.org/
  • The Global Deception Research Team. (2006). A world of lies. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 37(1), 60-74. https://doi. org/10.1177/0022022105282295
  • The Intercept. (2015). Exclusive: TSA’s secret behavior checklist to spot terrorists. Retrieved from https://theintercept.com/2015/03/27/ revealed-tsas-closely-held-behavior-checklist-spot-terrorists/
  • Tickle-Degnen, L., & Rosenthal, R. (2009). The nature of rapport and its nonverbal correlates. Psychological Inquiry, 1, 324-329. https://doi. org/10.1207/s15327965pli0104_1
  • Thoma, A., & Eaves, F. F. (2015). A brief history of evidence-based medicine (EBM) and the contributions of Dr David Sackett. Aesthetic Surgery Journal, 35, 261-263. https://doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjv130
  • Turchet, P. (2004). La synergologie [Synergology]. Montréal, Québec: Les Éditions de l’Homme.
  • Turchet, P. (2009). Le langage universel du corps [The universal body language]. Montréal, Québec: Éditions de l’Homme.
  • Turchet, P. (2010). Lie to me, synergologie et émotions [Lie to me, synergology and emotions]. Retrieved from https://philippe.turchet. synergologie.org/2010/05/14/lie-to-mesynergologie-et-emotions/
  • Turchet, P. (2012). The secrets of body language: An illustrated guide to knowing what people are really thinking and feeling. New York, NY: Skyhorse Publishing.
  • Turchet, P. (2013). Langue maternelle et langue seconde: approche par l’observation gestuelle [Native language and second language: approach through gesture observation]. Langages, 192(4), 29-43. https://doi.org/10.3917/lang.192.0029
  • Turchet, P. (2017). Identification de ruptures de compréhension dialogique en contexte interculturel à partir d’indices corporels [Identification of breaks in dialogical understanding in an intercultural context based on bodily cues] (Thèse de doctorat). Université Paris Nanterre, France. Retrieved from https://bdr.parisnanterre.fr/theses/ internet/2017/2017PA100174/2017PA100174.pdf
  • U.S. Government Accountability Office. (2010). Aviation security: Efforts to validate TSA’s passenger screening behavior detection program underway, but opportunities exist to strengthen validation and address operational challenges. Retrieved from https://www.gao.gov/ products/GAO-10-763
  • U.S. Government Accountability Office. (2011). TSA is taking steps to validate the science underlying its passenger behavior detection program, but efforts may not be comprehensive. Retrieved from https://www.gao.gov/assets/130/125918.pdf
  • U.S. Government Accountability Office. (2012). Progress and challenges faced in strengthening three key security programs. Retrieved from https://www.gao.gov/assets/590/589587.pdf
  • U.S. Government Accountability Office. (2013). Aviation security: TSA should limit future funding for behavior detection activities. Retrieved from https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-14-159
  • U.S. Government Accountability Office. (2017). Aviation security: TSA does not have valid evidence supporting most of the revised behavioral indicators used in its behavior detection activities. Retrieved from https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-17-608R
  • Vrij, A. (2008). Detecting lies and deceit: Pitfalls and opportunities. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
  • Vrij, A., & Fisher, R. P. (2016). Which lie detection tools are ready for use in the criminal justice system? Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 5, 302-307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2016.06.014
  • Vrij, A., Granhag, P. A., & Porter, S. (2010). Pitfalls and opportunities in nonverbal and verbal lie detection. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 11, 89-121. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100610390861
  • Vrij, A., Hartwig, M., & Granhag, P. A. (2019). Reading lies: Nonverbal communication and deception. Annual Review of Psychology, 70, 295-317. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-103135
  • Vrij, A., Mann, S., & Fisher, R. (2006). An empirical test of the Behaviour Analysis Interview. Law and Human Behavior, 30, 329-345. https://doi. org/10.1007/s10979-006-9014-3
  • Vrij, A., Mann, S., Jundi, S., Hillman, J., & Hope, L. (2014). Detection of concealment in an information-gathering interview. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 28, 860-866. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3051
  • Vrij, A., Meissner, C. A., Fisher, R. P., Kassin, S. M., Morgan III, C. A., & Kleinman, S. M. (2017). Psychological perspective on interrogation. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12, 927-955. https://doi. org/10.1177/1745691617706515
  • Walton, D. N. (1987). The ad hominem argument as an informal fallacy. Argumentation, 1, 317-331. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00136781
  • Ware, M. (2008). Peer review: benefits, perceptions and alternatives. Publishing Research Consortium, 20. Retrieved from http:// publishingresearch.org.uk
  • Weisbuch, M., & Ambady, N. (2011). Thin-slice vision. In R. B. Adams, N. Ambady, K. Nakayama, & S. Shimojo (Eds.), The science of social vision (pp. 228-247). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Williamson, P. (2016). Take the time and effort to correct misinformation. Nature, 540(7632), 171. https://doi.org/10.1038/540171a
  • Winter, J. (2015). Exclusive: TSA’s ‘behavior detection’ program targeting undocumented immigrants, not terrorists. Retrieved from https:// theintercept.com/2015/04/06/exclusive-tsa-behavior-detectionprogram-targeting-immigrants-terrorists/
  • Winter, J., & Abelson, J. (2018). TSA says it no longer tracks regular travelers as if they may be terrorists. Retrieved from https://www.bostonglobe. com/news/nation/2018/12/15/curtails-quiet-skies-passenger-surveillance /2lRAv2AwjGpUcgq08mHaPM/story.html
Fuente de los datos: Dialnet