Estudio del ataque de voleibol en competición femenina a partir del análisis de la profundidad de golpeo

Laburpena

The aim of this research is to analyse the technical-tactical aspects of female volleyball attack, depending on the depth of attack and the performance obtained. The attack is one of the main actions with which the teams achieve points in a match, considered as a finalist action, this is the more correlated to the victory of the team. Specifically, the spike is one of the most difficult gestures to dominate, but necessary in the high performance and that captivates both players and spectators by its spectacularity. That said, attack to be effective will be conditioned by different factors, among which the hit of the ball, height and speed. However, no study refers to the depth of the contact with the ball respect to the net, a relevant aspect for the performance, since depending on the depth, a player must modify both his technique, choosing the most suitable type of attack for that situation and its tactics, determining which will be the most effective direction of attack. In addition to this, the physical factors, modifying the necessary power and speed and psychological factors too, varying the decision options. Define a proper depth is a key aspect that will help both the trainer and the player to improve the team performance. For this reason, the results of this study have a direct practical application. To know this depth will make possible to specify the most effective place for the team's attack, depending on each player’s possibilities and her role in the play, as well as the objective of this attack in particular. Considering the volleyball characteristics and the study requirements, the notational analysis has been employed, based on the observational methodology. The observation unit in this study is the attack done by front row players during an official competition. A sample of 14 teams taking part in the First National Female Division Group A, organized by the RFEVB for the seasons 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 was used to obtain the data. Technical means were used to review the matches through the Kinovea 0.8.15 software, facilitating to the observers the record of the data for its treatment in IBM SPSS Statistics 21 software for Windows, with which the whole statistical analysis of the data was carried out and the Cohen Kappa indices and frequency analysis were obtained. The system of categories established will follow the logical play sequence, observing the Set zone (ZC), Set zone within the attack zone (ZCA), Setter player (JP), Setting Technique (TC), Length of the pass (LP), Zone of attack (ZA) and Height of the pass (SAA), continuing with those of attack where they differentiate Role of the attacker (RA), Attack height (A), Depth (P), Efficiency (EA) and Attack direction (DA). Finally, the variables related to the defence are Block Type (TB), Block Position (PB) and Impact Zone (ZI). When analysing the data, a frequency analysis was carried out and each variable was treated in a general way to later present separately the values corresponding to the attacks of maximum effectiveness (EA4) and a sequential analysis, for which the Chi-Square with the Pearson coefficient was used. As a final conclusion, the knowledge of depth and height, as well as the other variables related to the attack, can be analysed with the proposed methodology, allowing players, coaches and researchers to know the better attacks in order to contribute to the performance of their team and to detect information to counter the attack of the rival team. The attacks of the national women's competition show that the ideal depth of attack is between 90 and 120 cm from the net and the height is higher than 250 cm. The hard attack with direction to the line and block-out obtains the best performance in this game action. The coach is provided with a tool to assess the attack technically and tactically, and useful information that can be used both in training and in competition to provide information to its players. The attacking player must seek the best option depending on the depth and height of the ball, and coaches must promote in the players a variety of actions and directions, allowing them to choose the most effective action depending on the situation of the game and the place of hitting ball. When training the attack variability, you can look for the block-out work, because that obtains the highest performance and allows at the same time to focus on training the block to avoid errors. As future researches, it will be possible to apply this methodology to the detailed study of the influence of the first touch on the depth of the attack, being important to differentiate the balls that come from the KI (reception) and the KII (defence). It may be interesting to apply this same methodology to other samples of different categories, genres and countries, in order to contrast possible differences, as well as to be able to determine the characteristics of the attack and the appropriate depth for each of them.