Relationship between coping, anxiety and depression among a Mexican sample during the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic

  1. Lilia Mestas 1
  2. Fernando Gordillo 2
  3. Marco Antonio Cardoso 1
  4. José M. Arana 3
  5. Miguel Á. Pérez 2
  6. Diana Laura Colin 1
  1. 1 Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, México, D. F., México
  2. 2 Universidad Camilo José Cela, Madrid, Spain
  3. 3 Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
Mostra les afiliacions +
Revista:
Revista de psicopatología y psicología clínica

ISSN: 1136-5420

Any de publicació: 2021

Volum: 26

Número: 1

Pàgines: 1-11

Tipus: Article

DOI: 10.5944/RPPC.29038 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openAccés obert editor

Altres publicacions en: Revista de psicopatología y psicología clínica

Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible

Resum

The coping strategies used during the COVID-19 pandemic could explain why certain individuals experience higher levels of anxiety and depression than others. A sample of 747 subjects completed an ad-hoc questionnaire on their habits during the pandemic, the Stress Coping Questionnaire (SCQ) focused on COVID-19; the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). High percentages of the sample recorded moderate and severe levels of anxiety (45.38%) and depression (32.13%), which were higher in women. The regression model explained 30.8% and 33.5% of the variance in anxiety and depression, respectively, with the predictive capacity being greater for women than men. Passive coping strategies made up the regression model, with negative self-targeting having the greatest predictive capacity for both anxiety (R2 = 0.204) and depression (R2 = 0.215). The results reveal the need to work on reinforcing the perception of control over the situation, promoting active coping strategies.

€ Mostra el finançament

Informació de finançament

Recibido: 05 de diciembre 2020; aceptado: 24 de febrero 2021 Corresponding author: Fernando Gordillo, Universidad Camilo José Cela, Castillo de Alarcón, 49, 28692 Madrid, Spain. E-mail: fgordi-llo@ucjc.edu Acknowledgments: This work was funded by a research grant awarded by the Camilo José Cela University (6th UCJC Call for research Grants).

Finançadors

Referències bibliogràfiques

  • Baral, I. A., & Bhagawati, K. C. (2019). Post traumatic stress disorder and coping strategies among adult survivors of earthquake, Nepal. BMC Psychiatry, 18(118). doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2090-y
  • Bardi, A., & Guerra, V. M. (2010). Cultural values predict coping using culture as an individual difference variable in multicultural samples. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 42(6), 908-927. doi:10.1177/0022022110381119
  • Baysak, E., Eroglu, M., Utku, C., & Kaya, B. (2019). Evaluation of post-traumatic stress disorder, burnout and coping styles in emergency and intensive care unit employees. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi-Turkish Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 22(1), 36-47. doi:10.5505/kpd.2018.55707
  • Beck, A. T., & Steer, R. A. (1993). Beck Depression Inventory. Manual. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
  • Beck, A., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety. Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 893-897. doi:10.1037//0022-006x.56.6.893
  • Contreras, F., Esguerra, G., Espinosa, J., & Gómez, V. (2007). Estilos de afrontamiento y calidad de vida en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica (IRC) en tratamiento de hemodiálisis. Revista Acta Colombiana de Psicología, 10(2) 169-179.
  • Endler, N. S., & Parker, J. D. A. (1990). Multidimensional assessment of coping: A theoretical analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 844-854. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.58.5.844
  • Espinosa, J. C., Contreras, F. V., & Esguerra, G. A. (2009). Afrontamiento al estrés y modelo psicobiológico de la personalidad en estudiantes universitarios. Revista Diversitas. Perspectivas en Psicología, 5(1), 87-95.
  • Frey, J. (2000). Gender differences in coping styles and coping effectiveness in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease groups. Heart and Lung: The Journal of Acute and Critical Cara, 29, 367-377. doi:10.1067/mhl.2000.108789
  • González, M. T. & Laredo, R. (2007). Cuestionario de afrontamiento del estrés (CAE): Validación en una muestra mexicana. Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica, 12(2), 189-198.
  • Jurado, S., Villegas, M. E., Méndez, L., Rodríguez, F., Loperena, V., & Varela, R. (1998). La estandarización del Inventario de Depresión de Beck para los residentes de la Ciudad de México. Salud Mental, 21, 26-31.
  • Kasi, P. M. (2012). Coping styles in patients with anxiety and depression. International Scholarly Research Network, 128672. doi:10.5402/2012/128672
  • Kasi, P. M., Kassi, M., & Khawar, T. (2007). Excessive work hours of physicians in training: maladaptive coping strategies. PLoS Medicine, 4(9), e205. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040279
  • Kirchner, T., Forns, M., Muñoz, D., & Pereda, N. (2008). Psychometric properties and dimensional structure of the Spanish version of the Coping Responses Inventory-Adult Form. Psicothema, 20, 902-909.
  • Kowalski-Trakofler, K. M., Vaught, C., & Scharf, T. (2003). Judgment and decision making under stress: An overview for emergency managers. International Journal of Emergency Management 1(3),278-289. doi:10.1504/IJEM.2003.003297
  • Kuehner, C. (2003). Gender differences in unipolar depression: An update of epidemiological findings and possible explanations. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 108, 163-174. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2003.00204.x
  • Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress appraisal and coping. New York, NY: Springer.
  • Li, C. X., Meng, Q. B., Yuan, S. Y., Tian, Y. P., Gao, H. B., & Yao, D Q. (2017). An analysis of coping styles and subjective well-being among nurses in the emergency treatment room of grade A tertiary hospitals in a province of China. Chinese Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Diseases, 35(12), 917-920. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-9391.2017.12.009
  • Li, A., Wang, S., Cai, M., Sun, R., & Liu, X. (2021). Self-compassion and life-satisfaction among Chinese self-quarantined residents during COVID-19 pandemic: A moderated mediation model of positive coping and gender. Personality and individual differences, 170, 110457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110457
  • Liu, S., Yang, L., Zhang, C., Xiang, Y-T., Liu, Z., Hu, S., & Zhang, B. (2020). Online mental health services in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. Lancet Psychiatry, 7(4), e17-8. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30077-8
  • Matud, M. P. (2004). Gender differences in stress and coping styles. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 1401–1415. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30077-8
  • Mazure, C. M., & Maciejewski, P. K. (2003). The interplay of stress, gender and cognitive style in depressive onset. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 6, 5–8. doi:10.1007/s00737-002-0161-3
  • Meléndez, J. C., Mayordomo, T., Sancho, P., & Tomás, J. M. (2012). Coping strategies: Gender differences and development throughout life span. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 15(3), 1089-1098. doi:10.5209/rev_SJOP.2012.v15.n3.39399
  • Mesidor, J. K., & Sly, K. F (2019). Religious coping, general coping strategies, perceived social support, PTSD symptoms, resilience, and posttraumatic growth among survivors of the 2010 earthquake in Haiti. Mental Health Religion & Culture, 22(2), 130-143. doi:10.1080/13674676.2019.1580254
  • Mezulis, A. H., Abramson, L. Y., & Hyde, J. S. (2002). Domain specificity of gender differences in rumination. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 16, 421-434. doi:10.1891/jcop.16.4.421.52524
  • Piccardi, L. Marano, A. Geraci, M. A. Legge, E., & D´Amico, S. (2016). Differences in coping strategies of preadolescents with and without exposure to the L'Aquila (Central Italy) 2009 earthquake. Epidemiologia & Prevenzione, 40(2), 53-58. doi:10.19191/EP16.2S1.P053.049
  • Ptacek, J. T., Smith, R. E., & Dodge, K. L. (1994). Gender differences in coping with stress: When stressors and appraisal do not differ. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 421-430. doi:10.1177/0146167294204009
  • Ptacek, J. T., Smith, R. E., & Zanas, J. (1992). Gender, appraisal, and coping: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Personality, 60, 747-770. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00272.x
  • Robles, R., Varela, R., Jurado, S., & Páez, F. (2001). Versión mexicana del Inventario de Ansiedad de Beck: Propiedades psicométricas. Revista Mexicana de Psicología, 18, 211-218.
  • Rose, A. J., & Rudolph, K. D. (2006). A review of sex differences in peer relationship processes: potential trade-offs for the emotional and behavioral development of girls and boys. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 98-131. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.1.98
  • Sand, M., Hessam, S., Sand, D., Bechara, F. G., Vorstius, C., Bromba, M., Stockfleth, E., Shiue, I. (2016). Stress-coping styles of 459 emergency care physicians in Germany A pilot study. Der Anaesthesist, 65(11), 841-846. doi:10.1007/s00101-016-0228-6
  • Sandín, B., & Chorot, P. (2003). Cuestionario de afrontamiento del estrés (CAE): Desarrollo y validación preliminar. Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica, 8, 39-54.
  • Sandín, B., Valiente, R. M., García-Escalera, J., Campagne, D. M., y Chorot, P. (2020). Psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: Negative and positive effects in Spanish population during the mandatory national quarantine. Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Psychology / Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica, 25(1), 1e-21e. https://doi.org/10.5944/rppc.28107
  • Shigemura, J., Ursano, R. J., Morganstein, J. C., Kurosawa, M., & Benedek, D. M. (2020). Public responses to the novel 2019 coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Japan: mental health consequences and target populations. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 74, 281-282. doi:10.1111/pcn.12988
  • Tamres, L. K., Janicki, D., & Helgeson, V. S. (2002). Sex differences in coping behavior: A meta-analytic review and an examination of relative coping. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6, 2-30. doi:10.1207/S15327957PSPR0601_1
  • Torestad, B., Magnusson, D., & Oláh, A. (1990). Coping, control, and experience of anxiety: An interactional perspective. Anxiety Research, 3, 1-16. doi:10.1080/08917779008248737
  • Vingerhoets, A. J., & Van Heck, G. L. (1990). Gender, coping and psychosomatic symptoms. Psychological Medicine, 20, 125-135. doi:10.1017/S0033291700013301
  • Wahl, A., Hanestad, B., Wiklund, I., & Poum, T. (1999). Coping and quality of life in patients with psoriasis. Quality of Life Research, 8, 427-433. doi:10.1023/a:1008944108101
  • Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research Public Health, 17, 17-29. doi:10.3390/ijerph17051729
  • Wong, P. T. P., Reker, G. T., & Peacock, E. (2006). The resource-congruence model of coping and the development of the Coping Schemas Inventory. In Wong, P. T. P., & Wong, L. C. J. (Eds.), Handbook of Multicultural perspectives on stress and coping. New York, NY: Springer.
  • World Health Organization. (2020a). Rolling updates on coronavirus disease (COVID-19). WHO.https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/ events-as-they-happen
  • World Health Organization. (2020b). Gender disparities in mental health. Department of Mental Health and Substance Dependence. WHO.https://www.who.int/mental_health/media/en/242.pdf?ua=1
  • Yeh, S. J., Huang, C., Chou, H., & Wan, T. T. H. (2009). Gender differences in stress and coping among elderly patients on hemodialysis. Sex Roles, 60, 44-56. doi:10.1007/s11199-008-9515-2
Fuente de los datos: Dialnet