Imágenes desgarradasel uso de scrapers en investigación social en Instagram sobre cáncer
ISSN: 0719-3661
Año de publicación: 2021
Número: 49
Páginas: 72-97
Tipo: Artículo
Otras publicaciones en: Cuadernos.Info
Resumen
El uso de redes de contenido visual como Instagram está bien documentado en la comunicación en salud, especialmente el análisis de contenido para estudiar las imágenes. Sin embargo, esta metodología supone un reto ante las crecientes dificultades en el acceso y un marco legal y de actuación muy limitados. Basado en los postulados de la sociología visual, este artículo explora una metodología para obtener datos de Instagram mediante el uso de scrapers, revisando las necesidades técnicas y las implicaciones éticas en el uso de este tipo de herramientas. Se analiza la distribución de imágenes acompañadas por la etiqueta #SacaPecho, creada por la Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer con ocasión del Día Internacional de la Lucha Contra el Cáncer (19 de octubre de 2020). El uso de scrapers permite obtener referencias de más de 7000 imágenes en poco tiempo. El trabajo permite entender las herramientas al alcance de la investigación social para acceder a datos relevantes en Instagram y propone un debate sobre las posibilidades éticas en este ámbito
Referencias bibliográficas
- Abidin, C. (2016). “Aren’t These Just Young, Rich Women Doing Vain Things Online?”: Influencer Selfies as Subversive Frivolity. Social Media + Society, 2(2), 2056305116641342. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305116641342
- Abril Curto, G. (2013). Cultura visual, de la semiótica a la política (Visual culture, from semiotics to politics). Plaza y Valdés.
- Abutaleb, Y. (2016, June 21). Instagram’s user base grows to more than 500 million. Reuters. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-facebook-instagram-users-idUSKCN0Z71LN
- Arcila-Calderón, C., Ortega-Mohedano, F., Álvarez, M., & Vicente-Mariño, M. (2019). Análisis distribuido y supervisado de sentimientos en Twitter: Integrando aprendizaje automático y analítica en tiempo real para retos de dimensión big data en investigación de comunicación y audiencias (Distributed Supervised Sentiment Analysis of Tweets: Integrating Machine Learning and Streaming Analytics for Big Data Challenges in Communication and Audience Research). Empiria. Revista de metodología de ciencias sociales, (42), 113-136. https://doi.org/10.5944/empiria.42.2019.23254
- Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer (AECC). (2020, October 9). La AECC anima a “sacar pecho” contra el cáncer de mama. AECC Noticias. Retrieved from https://www.aecc.es/es/actualidad/noticias/aecc-anima-sacar-pecho-contra-cancer-mama
- Babvey, P., Capela, F., Cappa, C., Lipizzi, C., Petrowski, N., & Ramirez-Marquez, J. (2020). Using social media data for assessing children’s exposure to violence during the COVID-19 pandemic. Child Abuse & Neglect, 104747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104747
- Basch, C. H. & MacLean, S. A. (2019). Breast Cancer on Instagram: A Descriptive Study. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 10(1), 166. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_36_19
- Becker, H. S. (1974). Photography and Sociology. Studies in the Anthropology of Visual Communication, 1(1), 3-26. Retrieved from https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=svc
- Berger, J. (2016). Modos de ver: Basado en la serie de la televisión BBC en colaboración con John Berger (Ways of Seeing: Based on the BBC Television Series). Barcelona, Spain: Gustavo Gili.
- Blanch-Hartigan, D. & Viswanath, K. (2015). Socioeconomic and sociodemographic predictors of cancer-related information sources used by cancer survivors. Journal of Health Communication, 20(2), 204-210. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2014.921742
- Bruns, A. (2019). After the ‘APIcalypse’: Social media platforms and their fight against critical scholarly research. Information, Communication & Society, 22(11), 1544-1566. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1637447
- Cartwright, L. (1998). Community and the Public Body in Breast Cancer Media Activism. Cultural Studies, 12(2), 117-138. https://doi.org/10.1080/095023898335500
- Chou, W.-Y. S., Trivedi, N., Peterson, E., Gaysynsky, A., Krakow, M., & Vraga, E. (2020). How do social media users process cancer prevention messages on Facebook? An eye-tracking study. Patient Education and Counseling, 103(6), 1161-1167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2020.01.013
- Cinelli, M., Quattrociocchi, W., Galeazzi, A., Valensise, C. M., Brugnoli, E., Schmidt, A. L., Zola, P., Zollo, F., & Scala, A. (2020). The COVID-19 Social Media Infodemic. Sci Rep, (10), 16598. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73510-5
- Couture Bue, A. C. (2020). The looking glass selfie: Instagram use frequency predicts visual attention to high-anxiety body regions in young women. Computers in Human Behavior, 108, 106329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106329
- Dewi, L.C., Meiliana, & Chandra, A. (2019). Social Media Web Scraping using Social Media Developers API and Regex. Procedia Computer Science, 157, 444-449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2019.08.237
- Döbrössy, B., Girasek, E., Susánszky, A., Koncz, Z., Győrffy, Z., & Bognár, V. K. (2020). «Clicks, likes, shares and comments» a systematic review of breast cancer screening discourse in social media. PLOS ONE, 15(4), e0231422. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231422
- Ehrenreich, B. (2001, November). Welcome to Cancerland: A Mamogram Leads to a Cult of Pink Kitsch. Harper’s Magazine. Retrieved from https://harpers.org/archive/2001/11/welcome-to-cancerland/
- Gibson, F., Hibbins, S., Grew, T., Morgan, S., Pearce, S., Stark, D., & Fern, L. A. (2016). How young people describe the impact of living with and beyond a cancer diagnosis: Feasibility of using social media as a research method. Psycho-Oncology, 25(11), 1317-1323. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.4061
- Giraldo-Luque, S., Fernández-García, N., & Pérez-Arce, J. C. (2018). La centralidad temática de la movilización #NiUnaMenos en Twitter (Thematic centrality on Twitter: The case of# NiUnaMenos mobilisation). El profesional de la información, 27(1), 96-105. Retrieved from http://profesionaldelainformacion.com/contenidos/2018/ene/09.pdf
- González Requena, J. (1988). El discurso televisivo: Espectáculo de la posmodernidad (The television discourse: Spectacle of postmodernity). Madrid, Spain: Cátedra.
- González Requena, J. (2013). El ser de las imágenes: De la teoría al análisis de imagen (The Being of Images: From Theory to Image Analysis). www.gonzalezrequena.com. Retrieved from http://gonzalezrequena.com/textos-en-linea-0-2/libros-en-linea/el-ser-de-las-imagenes/
- Grant, J. A. & Hundley, H. (2008). Fighting the Battle or Running the Race? Visual Communication Quarterly, 15(3), 180-195. https://doi.org/10.1080/15551390802235578
- Hand, M. (2016). Visuality in Social Media: Researching Images, Circulations and Practices. In L. Sloan & A. Quan-Haase (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Social Media Research Methods (pp. 215-231). SAGE Publications Ltd.
- Harper, D. (1988). Visual Sociology: Expanding Sociological Vision. The American Sociologist, (19), 54-70. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02692374
- Harper, D. (1996). Seeing Sociology. The American Sociologist, 27(3), 69-78. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/27698785
- Harrigan, P., Daly, T. M., Coussement, K., Lee, J. A., Soutar, G. N., & Evers, U. (2020). Identifying influencers on social media. International Journal of Information Management, (56), 102246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102246
- Henricks, S. C. (2017). Social Media, Publicly Available Information, and the Intelligence Community. American Intelligence Journal, 34(1), 21-31. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/26497113
- Highfield, T. & Leaver, T. (2014). A methodology for mapping Instagram hashtags. First Monday, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v20i1.5563
- Himawan, A., Priadana, A., & Murdiyanto, A. (2020). Implementation of Web Scraping to Build a Web-Based Instagram Account Data Downloader Application. IJID (International Journal on Informatics for Development), 9(2), 59-65. https://doi.org/10.14421/ijid.2020.09201
- Hirschey, J. (2014). Symbiotic Relationships: Pragmatic Acceptance of Data Scraping. SSRN Electronic Journal, (29). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2419167
- Instagram. (2018). Condiciones de uso (Terms of use). Retrieved from https://help.instagram.com/581066165581870?ref=dp
- Jang, J. Y., Han, K., Shih, P. C., & Lee, D. (2015). Generation Like: Comparative Characteristics in Instagram. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 4039-4042. https://doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702555
- Kligler-Vilenchik, N., Baden, C., & Yarchi, M. (2020). Interpretative polarization across platforms: How political disagreement develops over time on Facebook, Twitter, and WhatsApp. Social Media + Society, 6(3), 2056305120944393. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120944393
- Lama, Y., Hu, D., Jamison, A., Quinn, S. C., & Broniatowski, D. A. (2019). Characterizing Trends in Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Discourse on Reddit (2007-2015): An Observational Study. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 5(1), e12480. https://doi.org/10.2196/12480
- Manovich, L. (2016). Instagram and Contemporary Image. manovich. Retrieved from http://manovich.net/content/04-projects/151-instagram-and-contemporary-image/instagram_book_manovich_2017.pdf
- Manovich, L. (2018). AI Aesthetics. Moscow, Russia: Strelka Press.
- Markham, A. N. & Buchanan, E. (2012). Ethical Decision-Making and Internet Research: Recommendations from the AOIR Ethics Working Committee (Version 2.0). Association of Internet Researchers. Retrieved from https://aoir.org/ethics/
- Markham, A. N. & Buchanan, E. (2017). Research Ethics in Context: Decision-Making in Digital Research. In M. T. Schäfer & K. Es, van (Eds.), The Datafied Society. Studying Culture through Data. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Amsterdam University Press.
- Marres, N. & Weltevrede, E. (2013). SCRAPING THE SOCIAL?: Issues in live social research. Journal of Cultural Economy, 6(3), 313-335. https://doi.org/10.1080/17530350.2013.772070
- Munk, A. K., Abildgaard, M. S., Birkbak, A., & Petersen, M. K. (2016). (Re-)Appropriating Instagram for Social Research: Three Methods for Studying Obesogenic Environments. Proceedings of the 7th 2016 International Conference on Social Media & Society, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1145/2930971.2930991
- Noar, S. M., Leas, E., Althouse, B. M., Dredze, M., Kelley, D., & Ayers, J. W. (2018). Can a selfie promote public engagement with skin cancer? Preventive Medicine, (111), 280-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.10.038
- Nobles, A. L., Leas, E. C., Noar, S., Dredze, M., Latkin, C. A., Strathdee, S. A., & Ayers, J. W. (2020). Automated image analysis of instagram posts: Implications for risk perception and communication in public health using a case study of #HIV. PLOS ONE, 15(5), e0231155. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231155
- Orduña-Malea, E., Font-Julián, C. I., & Ontalba-Ruipérez, J.-A. (2020). Covid-19: Análisis métrico de vídeos y canales de comunicación en YouTube (Covid-19: metric analysis of videos and communication channels on YouTube). Profesional de la Información, 29(4), e290401. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.jul.01
- Pardo, R. (2019). Fotografía y enfermedad: Iconografías en transformación (Photography and disease: Iconographies in transformation). In M. Morcate & R. Pardo (Eds.), La imagen desvelada: Prácticas fotográficas en la enfermedad, la muerte y el duelo (The Unveiled Image: Photographic Practices in Illness, Death, and Grief) (pp. 19-60). Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain: Sans Soleil Ediciones.
- Pauwels, L. (2015). Reframing Visual Social Science: Towards a More Visual Sociology and Anthropology. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139017633
- Prosser, J., Clark, A., & Wiles, R. (2008). Visual Research Ethics at the Crossroads. NCRM Working Paper. Manchester, Reino Unido:Realities, Morgan Centre. Retrieved from http://eprints.ncrm.ac.uk/535/
- Purba, K. R., Asirvatham, D., & Murugesan, R. K. (2020). Influence maximization diffusion models based on engagement and activeness on instagram. Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2020.09.012
- Record, R. A., Silberman, W. R., Santiago, J. E., & Ham, T. (2018). I Sought It, I Reddit: Examining Health Information Engagement Behaviors among Reddit Users. Journal of Health Communication, 23(5), 470-476. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2018.1465493
- Regueira, U., Ferreiro, A. A., & Vila, S. D. (2020). La mujer en YouTube: Representación y participación a través de la técnica Web Scraping (Women on YouTube: Representation and participation through the Web Scraping technique). Comunicar: Revista científica iberoamericana de comunicación y educación, 63, 31-40. https://doi.org/10.3916/C63-2020-03
- Rogers, R. (2018). Social Media Research After the Fake News Debacle (Dataset). University of Salento. https://doi.org/10.1285/I20356609V11I2P557
- Rose, G. (2019). Metodologías visuales: Una introducción a la investigación con materiales visuales (Visual Methodologies. An Introduction to Researching with Visual Materials). Murcia, Spain: CENDEAC.
- Schie, van, G., Westra, I., & Schäfer, M. T. (2017). Get Your Hands Dirty: Emerging Data Practices as Challenge for Research Integrity. In M. T. Schäfer & K. Es, van (Eds.), The Datafied Society. Studying Culture through Data, 183-200. Amsterdam University Press. https://doi.org/10.5117/9789462981362
- Schrading, N., Ovesdotter Alm, C., Ptucha, R., & Homan, C. (2015). An Analysis of Domestic Abuse Discourse on Reddit. Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, 2577-2583. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D15-1309
- Sontag, S. (1978). Illness As Metaphor. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
- Sontag, S. (2017). Sobre la fotografía (On photography). Debolsillo.
- Spence, J. (1986). Putting myself in the picture: A political, personal, and photographic autobiography. Camden, United Kingdom: Camden Press.
- Sutton, J., Vos, S. C., Olson, M. K., Woods, C., Cohen, E., Gibson, C. B., Phillips, N. E., Studts, J. L., Eberth, J. M., & Butts, C. T. (2018). Lung Cancer Messages on Twitter: Content Analysis and Evaluation. Journal of the American College of Radiology, 15(1), 210-217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacr.2017.09.043
- Tafesse, W. & Wood, B. P. (2020). Followers’ engagement with instagram influencers: The role of influencers’ content and engagement strategy. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, (58), 102303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102303
- Townsend, L., & Wallace, C. (2016). Social Media Research: A Guide to Ethics. The University of Aberdeen. https://www.gla.ac.uk/media/Media_487729_smxx.pdf
- Walsh, M. & Baker, S. A. (2017). The selfie and the transformation of the public–private distinction. Information Communication and Society, (20), 1185-1203. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1220969
- Wang, X., Chen, L., Shi, J., & Peng, T.-Q. (2019). What makes cancer information viral on social media? Computers in Human Behavior, (93), 149-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.12.024
- White, C. L. & Boatwright, B. (2020). Social media ethics in the data economy: Issues of social responsibility for using Facebook for public relations. Public Relations Review, 46(5), 101980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2020.101980
- Zarei, K., Farahbakhsh, R., Crespi, N., & Tyson, G. (2020). A First Instagram Dataset on COVID-19. arXiv:2004.12226 [cs]. Retrieved from http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.12226
- Zhang, J., Le, G., Larochelle, D., Pasick, R., Sawaya, G. F., Sarkar, U., & Centola, D. (2019). Facts or stories? How to use social media for cervical cancer prevention: A multi-method study of the effects of sender type and content type on increased message sharing. Preventive Medicine, 126, 105751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.105751