Transparency mechanisms in the mediaanalysis of Spain and Portugal

  1. Renedo-Farpón, Cristina 1
  2. Canavilhas, João 2
  3. Díez-Garrido, María 1
  1. 1 Universidad de Valladolid
    info

    Universidad de Valladolid

    Valladolid, España

    ROR https://ror.org/01fvbaw18

  2. 2 Universidade da Beira Interior
    info

    Universidade da Beira Interior

    Covilhã, Portugal

    ROR https://ror.org/03nf36p02

Zeitschrift:
El profesional de la información

ISSN: 1386-6710,  1699-2407

Datum der Publikation: 2023

Titel der Ausgabe: Transparency

Ausgabe: 32

Nummer: 1

Art: Artikel

DOI: 10.3145/EPI.2023.ENE.05 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openOpen Access editor

Andere Publikationen in: El profesional de la información

Ziele für nachhaltige Entwicklung

Zusammenfassung

  Transparency in the media has become a fundamental pillar within all democratic societies, as a mechanism for reinforcing government regulation (Anderson, 2009) and citizen trust in institutions (Vos and Craft, 2016). Journalism, which has traditionally acted as a watchdog and a check on power, is now in the midst of a credibility crisis, compounded by polarization and the rise of disinformation. For this reason, various studies advocate that media outlets, just like institutions and governments, should use transparency mechanisms that allow them to respond directly or indirectly to society regarding the content they publish, as an exercise of responsibility. This research aims to evaluate media transparency in the Spanish–Portuguese landscape by means of an index that includes variables studied in the theoretical framework and that come from legislative, academic, and professional sources. These variables have been used to measure corporate and financial transparency, transparency in content production, openness to public participation, and the self-regulation mechanisms of ten media outlets in Spain and Portugal. This study concluded that, with only 43% adherence to the transparency variables analyzed, promoting accountability is still a work in progress for media outlets, and it must be stepped up at both the academic and professional levels.

Bibliographische Referenzen

  • Aguaded, Ignacio; Romero-Rodríguez, Luis (2015). “Mediamorfosis y desinformación en la infoesfera: alfabetización mediática, digital e informacional ante los cambios de hábitos de consumo informativo”. Education in the knowledge society, v. 16, n. 1, pp. 44-57. https://doi.org/10.14201/eks20151614457
  • Alonso-López, Nàdia; Terol-Bolinches, Raúl (2021). “La herramienta de transparencia en las noticias sobre la covid-19 publicadas por el diario Público durante los primeros 14 días del estado de alarma”. Hipertext.net, n. 22, pp. 51-62. https://doi.org/10.31009/hipertext.net.2021.i22.05
  • Amazeen, Michelle A. (2020). “Journalistic interventions: The structural factors affecting the global emergence of fact-checking”. Journalism, v. 21, n. 1, pp. 95-111. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884917730217
  • Amorós-García, Marc (2019). “Los medios de comunicación contra las noticias falsas: todo es falso, ¿salvo el periodismo?”. Cuadernos de periodistas: revista de la Asociación de la Prensa de Madrid, v. 38, pp. 21-41. https://www.cuadernosdeperiodistas.com/media/2019/09/21_40_Marc-Amoros.pdf
  • Andersen, Thomas-Barnebeck (2009). “E-government as an anti-corruption strategy”. Information economics and policy, v. 21, n. 3, pp. 201-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoecopol.2008.11.003
  • Appelgren, Ester; Salaverría, Ramón (2018). “The promise of the transparency culture: A comparative study of access to public data in Spanish and Swedish newsrooms”. Journalism practice, v. 12, n. 8, pp. 986-996. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2018.1511823
  • Attard, Judie; Orlandi, Fabrizio; Scerri, Simon; Auer, Sören (2015). “A systematic review of open government data initiatives”. Government information quarterly, v. 32, n. 4, pp. 399-418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2015.07.006
  • Bardoel, Jo; D’Haenens, Leen (2004). “Media responsibility and accountability. New conceptualizations and practices”. Communications, n. 29, pp. 5-25. https://doi.org/10.1515/comm.2004.007
  • Bennett, Lance; Livingston, Steven (2018). “The disinformation order: Disruptive communication and the decline of democratic institutions”. European journal of communication, v. 33, n. 2, pp. 122-139. https://doi.org/10.1177/02673231187603
  • Bertot, John-Carlo; Jaeger, Paul T.; Grimes, Justin M. (2012). “Promoting transparency and accountability through ICTs, social media, and collaborative e‐government”. Transforming government: People, process and policy, v. 6, n. 1, pp. 78-91. https://doi.org/10.1108/17506161211214831
  • Blesa, Pablo (2006). “Medios de comunicación y democracia: ¿el poder de los medios o los medios al poder?”. Sphera pública, v. 6, pp. 87-106. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=29700606
  • Boix-Palop, Andrés; López-García, Guillermo (2005). “Derecho y cuarto poder en la era digital”. Revista de estudios políticos, v. 130, pp. 77-112. https://recyt.fecyt.es/index.php/RevEsPol/article/view/45610
  • Bovens, Mark (2005). “Public Accountability: A framework for the analysis and assess-ment of accountability arrangements in the public domain”. In: Ferlie, Ewan; Lynne, Laurence; Pollitt, Christopher (eds.). The Oxford handbook of public management. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978 0 199226443 https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199226443.001.0001
  • Cádima, Francisco-Rui; Martins, Luís-Oliveira; Silva, Marisa-Torres (2016). “Os media e o pluralismo em Portugal”. En: Costa, Cristina (eds.). Comunicação e liberdade de expressão: atualidades. São Paulo: ECA/USP, pp. 99-115. ISBN: 978 8572051644 https://www.eca.usp.br/acervo/producao-academica/002796834.pdf
  • Camponez, Carlos (2011). Deontologia do jornalismo: a autorregulação frustrada dos jornalistas portugueses: 1974-2007. Coimbra: Almedina. ISBN: 978 972 4046846
  • Campos-Domínguez, Eva-María; Redondo-García, Marta (2015). “Meta periodismo y transparencia informativa en el periodismo del siglo XXI”. Obets. Revista de ciencias sociales, v. 10, n. 1, pp. 185-209. https://doi.org/10.14198/OBETS2015.10.1.07
  • Canavilhas, João; Jorge, Thais-de-Mendonça (2022). “Fake news explosion in Portugal and Brazil the pandemic and journalists’ testimonies on disinformation”. Journalism and media, v. 3, pp. 52-65. https://doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia3010005
  • Carvalho, Alberto-Arons; Cardoso, António-Monteiro; Figueiredo, João-Pedro (2003). Direito da comunicação social. Lisboa: Editorial Notícias. ISBN: 978 972 4744728
  • Castells, Manuel (2008). “Comunicación, poder y contrapoder en la sociedad red (I). Los medios y la política”. Telos: cuadernos de comunicación e innovación, v. 74, pp. 13-24. https://telos.fundaciontelefonica.com/archivo/numero074
  • Cherubini, Federica; Graves, Lucas (2016). The rise of fact-checking sites. Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/our-research/rise-fact-checking-sites-europe
  • Christofoletti, Rogério (2022). Transparência no jornalismo: o que é e como se faz?. Florianópolis: UFSC. ISBN: 978 8583281177
  • Cifuentes-Faura, Javier (2021). “Transparency in Spanish government in times of covid-19”. Public integrity. https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2021.1958562
  • Coelho, Álisson (2022). “Por que a transparência melhora o jornalismo e a sociedade?”. En: Christofoletti, Rogério (eds.). Transparência no jornalismo: o que é e como se faz?, pp. 21-25. Florianópolis: UFSC. ISBN: 978 8583281177
  • Cook, Fay-Lomax; Jacobs, Lawrence R.; Kim, Dukhong (2010). “Trusting what you know: Information, knowledge, and confidence in social security”. The journal of politics, v. 72, n. 2, pp. 397-412. https://doi.org/10.1017/S00223816100000348CIFUENTES-FAURA
  • Corner, John (2017). “Fake news, post-truth and media-political change”. Media, cultura & society, v. 39, n. 7, pp. 1100-1107. https://doi.org/10.1177/016344371772674
  • Coromina, Òscar; Padilla, Adrián (2018). “Análisis de las desinformaciones del referéndum del 1 de octubre detectadas por Maldito Bulo”. Quaderns del CAC, v. 21, n. 44, pp. 17-26. https://www.cac.cat/sites/default/files/2019-01/Q44_Coromina_Padilla_ES.pdf
  • Costa-e-Silva, Elsa; Fidalgo, Joaquim; Sousa, Helena (2011). “Regular para a liberdade: o caso portugués”. Derecho a comunicar, n. 1, pp. 80-97. https://biblat.unam.mx/hevila/Derechoacomunicar/2011/no1/no1/5.pdf
  • Curry, Alexander L.; Stroud, Natalie-Jomini (2021). “The effects of journalistic transparency on credibility assessments and engagement intentions”. Journalism, v. 22, n. 4, pp. 901-918. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884919850387
  • De-Blasio, Emiliana; Selva, Donatella (2021). “Who is responsible for disinformation? European approaches to social platforms’ accountability in the post-truth era”. American behavioral scientist, v. 65, n. 6, pp. 825-846. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764221989784
  • Díez-Garrido, María; Campos-Domínguez, Eva-María (2018). “Los periodistas ante la transparencia en España. Valoración y uso de la apertura informativa”. Revista española de la transparencia, v. 7, pp. 49-69. https://doi.org/10.51915/ret.9
  • Farkas, Johan; Schou, Jannick (2019). Post-truth, fake news and democracy. New York: Routledge. ISBN: 978 0 36732218 2
  • Fidalgo, Joaquim (2009). O lugar da ética e da auto-regulação na identidade profissional dos jornalistas. Lisboa: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian/FCT. https://hdl.handle.net/1822/6011
  • Fowks, Jaqueline (2018). Mecanismos de la posverdad. Lima: Fondo de Cultura Económica del Perú S.A. ISBN: 978 997 2663956
  • Galán-Gamero, Javier (2014). “Cuando el ‘cuarto poder’ se constituye en cuarto poder: propuestas”. Palabra clave, v. 17, n. 1, pp. 150-185. http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0122-82852014000100007
  • Gomes, Adelino (2009). Relatório do provedor do ouvinte: 2008. https://cdn-images.rtp.pt/mcm/pdf/6e2/6e28942891cdc6c6aa27e5d4cff166cd1.pdf
  • Groenhart, Harmen; Bardoel, Jo (2012). “Conceiving the transparency of journalism: moving towards a new media accountability currency”. Studies in communication sciences, v. 12, n. 1, pp. 6-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scoms.2012.06.003
  • Hallin, Daniel; Mancini, Paolo (2004). Comparing media systems. Three models of media and politics. Cambridge: Cambridge university press. ISBN: 0521543088
  • Heald, David (2005). “Varieties of transparency”. In: Hood, Christopher; Heald, David (eds.). Transparency: The key to better governance?. Oxford: University Press, pp. 25-43. ISBN: 978 0 197263839 https://doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197263839.003.0002
  • Herrero, Esperanza; Herrera-Damas, Susana (2021). “El fact-checker en español alrededor del mundo: perfil, similitudes y diferencias entre verificadores hispanohablantes”. Revista de comunicación de la Seeci, v. 54, pp. 49-77. http://doi.org/10.15198/seeci.2021.54.e725
  • Jurado, Francisco; Delgado, Óscar; Ortigosa, Álvaro (2020). “Tracking news stories using blockchain to guarantee their traceability and information analysis”. International journal of interactive multimedia & artificial intelligence, v. 6 n. 3. https://doi.org/10.9781/ijimai.2020.06.003
  • Karlsson, Michael; Clerwall, Christer; Nord, Lars (2014), “You ain’t seen nothing yet: Transparency’s (lack of) effect on source and message credibility”. Journalism studies, v. 15, n. 5, pp. 668-678. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2014.886837
  • Kim, Soonhee; Lee, Jooho (2012). “E-participation, transparency, and trust in local government”. Public administration review, v. 72, n. 6, pp. 819-828. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41688008
  • La-Rosa, Leonardo; Sandoval-Martín, Teresa (2016). “La insuficiencia de la ley de transparencia para el ejercicio del periodismo de datos en España”. Revista latina de comunicación social, v. 71, pp. 1208-1229. https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2016-1142
  • Lecheler, Sophie; Kruikemeier, Sanne (2016). “Re-evaluating journalistic routines in a digital age: A review of research on the use of online sources”. New media & society, v. 18 n. 1, pp. 156-171. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444815600412
  • Lee, Sun-Young; Riffe, Daniel (2017). “Who sets the corporate social responsibility agenda in the news media? Unveiling the agenda-building process of corporations and a monitoring group”. Public relations review, v. 43, n. 2, pp. 293-305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2017.02.007
  • Lin, Yisitie; Zhang, Shitao (2021). “The proliferation of fake news in network communication and the reconstruction of media credibility”. Academic journal of humanities & social sciences, v. 4, n. 11. https://doi.org/10.25236/AJHSS.2021.041102
  • López-Cepeda, Ana-María; Manfredi, Juan-Luis (2013). “Análisis de la transparencia de las páginas web de los principales medios de comunicación audiovisuales en España”. Tripodos, v. 1, n. 32, pp. 45-62. http://www.tripodos.com/index.php/Facultat_Comunicacio_Blanquerna/article/view/78
  • Lotero-Echeverri, Gabriel; Romero-Rodríguez, Luis-Miguel; Pérez-Rodríguez, María-Amor (2018). “Fact-checking vs. fake news: periodismo de confirmación como componente de la competencia mediática contra la desinformación”. Índex.comunicación, v. 8, n. 2, pp. 295-316. https://indexcomunicacion.es/indexcomunicacion/index.php/indexcomunicacion/article/view/370/400
  • Martín-Cavanna, Javier; Herrero-Beaumont, Elena (2019). Primera plana 2019. Informe de transparencia y buen gobierno sobre independencia y credibilidad editorial de los grupos de comunicación. Madrid: Fundación Compromiso y Transparencia (Haz Fundación). https://www.hazfundacion.org/informes/primera-plana-informe-de-transparencia-y-buen-gobierno-para-garantizar-la-independencia-y-credibilidad-editorial-2018
  • Masullo, Gina M.; Curry, Alexander L.; Whipple, Kelsey N.; Murray, Caroline (2021). “The story behind the story: Examining transparency about the journalistic process and news outlet credibility”. Journalism practice, v. 16, n. 7. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2020.1870529
  • Mauri-Ríos, Marcel; Ramon-Vegas, Xavier; Rodríguez-Martínez, Ruth; Díaz-Campo, Jesús (2022). “Indicadores para evaluar la rendición de cuentas en los medios de comunicación”. Cuadernos.info, n. 51. https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.51.27331
  • McQuail, Denis (2003). Media accountability and freedom of publication. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978 0 198742517
  • Miranda, João; Camponez, Carlos (2022). “Accountability and transparency of journalism at the organizational level: News media editorial statutes in Portugal”. Journalism practice. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2022.2055622
  • Moeller, Susan D.; Melki, Jad; Lorento, Rafael; Bond, Meagan; Cutler, Jackie (2006). Openness and accountability: A study of transparency in global media outlets. University of Maryland: International Centre for Media and the Public Agenda. http://hdl.handle.net/10725/11780
  • Mourão, Rachel R.; Thorson, Esther; Chen, Weiyue; Tham, Samuel M. (2018). “Media repertoires and news trust during the early Trump administration”. Journalism studies, v. 19, n. 13, pp. 1945-1956. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2018.1500492
  • Nielsen, Rasmus-Kleis; Graves, Lucas (2017). News you don’t believe: Audience perspectives on fake news. Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/our-research/news-you-dont-believe-audience-perspectives-fake-news
  • Nigro, Patricia (2018). “Causas de la pérdida de la confianza en la prensa y estrategias para su restablecimiento en un contexto de incertidumbre”. Hipertext.net, v. 17, pp. 54-63. https://doi.org/10.31009/hipertext.net.2018.i17.05
  • Peters, Michael A.; McLaren, Peter; Jandrić, Petar (2020). “A viral theory of post-truth”. Educational philosophy and theory, v. 54, n. 6, pp. 698-706. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131857.2020.1750090
  • Público (2005). Livro de estilo. https://static.publico.pt/files/provadosfactos/livro-de-estilo.pdf
  • Redondo-García, Marta; Campos-Domínguez, Eva-María (2016). “La transparencia mediática como mecanismo de autorregulación: análisis de su presencia en las webs de los principales medios españoles”. Ámbitos. Revista internacional de comunicación, v. 32. http://hdl.handle.net/11441/66526
  • Rodríguez-Martínez, Ruth; Mauri-Ríos, Marcel; Ramon-Vegas, Xavier; Chaparro, Marian; Egaña, Txema; Fanals-Gubau, Laura; Herrera-Damas, Susana; Morata, Montse; Moreno-Gil, Victoria; Luengo, María; Palà-Navarro, Gemma; Pérez-Pereiro, Marta; Requejo-Alemán, José-Luis; Rojas-Torrijos, José-Luis; Salgado, Francesc; Suárez-López, María-del-Pilar; Tulloch, Christopher-David; Zuberogoitia, Aitor (2022). “Análisis de instrumentos de rendición de cuentas tradicionales e innovadores y su utilidad en la lucha contra la desinformación”. En: Moreno, Victoria; Salgado, Francesc (eds.). Instrumentos de rendición de cuentas ante la desinformación. Barcelona: Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Departament de Comunicació. http://hdl.handle.net/10230/53767
  • Rodríguez-Pérez, Carlos (2020). “Una reflexión sobre la epistemología del fact-checking journalism: retos y dilemas”. Revista de comunicación, v. 19, n. 1, pp. 243-258. https://doi.org/10.26441/RC19.1-2020-A14
  • Rubio-Núñez, Rafael (2018). “Los efectos de la posverdad en la democracia”. Revista de derecho político, v. 1, n. 103, pp. 191-228. https://doi.org/10.5944/rdp.103.2018.23201
  • Sierra-Rodríguez, Javier (2020). “Periodismo, comunicación institucional y transparencia: aprendizajes de la crisis sanitaria del Covid-19”. Revista de comunicación y salud, v. 10, n. 2, pp. 569-591. https://doi.org/10.35669/rcys.2020.10(2).569-591
  • Slattery, Karen L. (2016). “The moral meaning of recent revisions to the SPJ code of ethics”. Journal of media ethics, v. 31, n. 1, pp. 2-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/23736992.2015.1116393
  • Steensen, Steen (2019). “Journalism’s epistemic crisis and its solution: Disinformation, datafication and source criticism”. Journalism, v. 20, n. 1, pp. 185-189. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884918809271
  • Suárez-Villegas, Juan-Carlos; Rodríguez-Martínez, Ruth; Mauri-Ríos, Marcel; López-Meri, Amparo (2017). “Accountability y culturas periodísticas en España. Impacto y propuesta de buenas prácticas en los medios de comunicación españoles (MediaACES)”. Revista latina de comunicación social, v. 72, pp. 321-331. https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2017-1167
  • Terol-Bolinches, Raúl; Alonso-López, Nàdia (2020). “La prensa española en la era de la posverdad: el compromiso de la verificación de datos para combatir las fake news”. Prisma social: revista de investigación social, v. 31, pp. 304-327. https://revistaprismasocial.es/article/view/3924
  • Ufarte-Ruiz, María-José; Peralta-García, Lidia; Murcia-Verdú, Francisco-José (2018). “Fact checking: un nuevo desafío del periodismo”. El profesional de la información, v. 27, n. 4, pp. 733-741. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2018.jul.02
  • Ugalde, Luis-Carlos (2002). Rendición de cuentas y democracia. El caso de México. México: Instituto Federal Electoral. ISBN: 9706950184
  • Van-Duyn, Emily; Collier, Jessica (2019). “Priming and fake news: The effects of elite discourse on evaluations of news media”. Mass communication and society, v. 22, n. 1, pp. 29-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2018.1511807
  • Vázquez-Herrero, Jorge; Vizoso, Ángel; López-García, Xosé (2019). “Innovación tecnológica y comunicativa para combatir la desinformación: 135 experiencias para un cambio de rumbo”. Profesional de la información, v. 28, n. 3, e280301. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2019.may.01
  • Vizoso, Ángel; Vázquez-Herrero, Jorge (2019). “Plataformas de fact-checking en español. Características, organización y método”. Communication & society, v. 32, n. 1, pp. 127-144. https://doi.org/10.15581/003.32.1.127-144
  • Vos, Tim P.; Craft, Stephanie (2016). “The discursive construction of journalistic transparency”. Journalism studies, v. 18, n. 12, pp. 1505-1522. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2015.1135754
  • Vu, Hong-Tien; Saldaña, Magdalena (2021). “Chillin’ effects of fake news: Changes in practices related to accountability and transparency in American newsrooms under the influence of misinformation and accusations against the news media”. Journalism & mass communication quarterly, v. 98, n. 3, pp. 769-789. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699020984781
Fuente de los datos: Dialnet