Imago mundi. The notion of something as a microcosm of the macrocosm

  1. Roger Ferrer-Ventosa 1
  1. 1 University of Barcelona (Spain)
Revista:
De Medio Aevo

ISSN: 2255-5889

Año de publicación: 2023

Título del ejemplar: The pope, new Moses. From Eugene IV to the Medicean popes

Volumen: 12

Número: 2

Páginas: 495-511

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.5209/DMAE.85853 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openAcceso abierto editor

Otras publicaciones en: De Medio Aevo

Resumen

This essay studies the notion of something as a microcosm of the macrocosm in medieval and early modern cultures from several perspectives. To gain deeper insights into this idea, it is necessary to understand medieval principles of astrology, ideas that were related to the Neoplatonic and Hermetic mindsets, two schools of philosophy and religion for which the concept of microcosm was central. Specifically, it is examined here from four perspectives, namely, the human mind/soul/imagination, the human body, cities and buildings, especially churches, as microcosms, and finally a work of art or image as an imago mundi that mirrors the whole. To this end, the analysis draws from visual and textual sources, enquires into iconographic types such as the zodiac man, intellectual milieus like the court of Alfonso X, interpretations appearing in Arabic texts and essential reading in this regard, including the Picatrix and al-Kindi’s De radiis, plus some examples as far removed from the Christian medieval cultural horizon as the Indian Upanishads, Andrei Tarkovsky and Antoni Tàpies. This study is not only based on information from different fields of knowledge, mostly visual and religious studies, but also draws from anthropology of arts and philosophy.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Agrippa, H. C. Three Books of Occult Philosophy. St. Paul: Llewellyn Publications, 1995.
  • Alberti, Leon Battista. De la pintura y otros escritos sobre arte. Madrid: Tecnos, 1999.
  • [Anonymous]. Picatrix. Un traité de magie medieval. Turnhout: Brepols, 2003.
  • Augustine of Hippo [Saint]. The City of God against the Pagans (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
  • Augustine, Saint [of Hippo]. Exposition on the Book of Psalms. New York: Grand Rapids, 1886.
  • Balzac, Honoré de. Etudes philosophiques et études analytiques. Séraphita. [Without information]: Norp-Nop Editions, 2011 [e-book].
  • Belting, Hans. Likeness and Presence: A History of the Image before the Era of Art. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.
  • Belting, Hans. Miroir du monde: l’invention du tableau dans les Pays-Bas. Paris : Hazan, 2014.
  • Bouleau, Charles. The Painter’s Secret Geometry: A Study of Composition in Art. Mineola: Dover Publications Inc., 2014.
  • Bruno, Giordano. Mundo, magia, memoria (edición de Ignacio Gómez de Liaño). Madrid: Biblioteca nueva, 2007.
  • Buenaventura, San [Bonaventure]. Obras de San Buenaventura. Tomo III. Madrid: Biblioteca de autores cristianos, 1947.
  • Campbell, Joseph. The Masks of God. Primitive Mythology. London: Secker & Warburg, 1960.
  • Carrero, Eduardo. La catedral habitada. Barcelona: Edicions UAB, 2019.Cataneo, Pietro. “L’architettura”. In Trattatti.
  • Cataneo, Pietro; Barozzi da Vignola, Giacomo, 163-498. Milano: Edizioni il polifilo, 1985.
  • Clark, Charles. “The Zodiac Man in Medieval Medical Astrology”, Quidditas, 3, (1982): 13-38.
  • Copenhaver, Brian P. (ed.) Hermetica. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
  • Cusa, Nicholas of. Nicholas of Cusa: Metaphysical Speculations. Minneapolis: The Arthur J. Banning Press, 1998.
  • Davies, Owen, Grimoires: A History of Magic Books. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009 [e-book].
  • Domínguez Rodríguez, Ana. Astrología y arte en el lapidario de Alfonso X el Sabio. Murcia: Real Academia Alfonso X el Sabio, 2007.
  • Durand, Gilbert. The Anthropological Structures of the Imaginary. Brisbane: Boombana Publications, 1999.
  • Durandus, William. “The Symbolism of Churches and Church Ornaments”. In Main Currents of Western Thought, ed. by Baumer, Franklin le van, 43-46. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1978.
  • Eamon, William. “Astrology and Society”. In A Companion to Astrology in the Renaissance, ed. by Dooley, Brendan, pp. 141-191. Leiden: Brill, 2014.
  • Easwaran, Eknath (ed.) The Upanishads. Tomales: Nilgiri Press, 2007 [e-book].
  • Eliade, Mircea, The Forge and the Crucible. The Origins and Structures of Alchemy. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1978.
  • Faivre, Antoine. “Ancient and Medieval Sources of Modern Esoteric Movements”. In Modern Esoteric Spirituality, ed. by Faivre, Antoine; & Needleman, Jacob, pp. 1-70. New York: Crossroad, 1992.
  • Ficino, Marsilio. The Book of Life. Dallas: Spring Publications, 1980.
  • Firmicus Maternus. Mathesis Livres III-IV. Paris: Les belles lettres, 2002.
  • Flynn, Tom. El cuerpo en la escultura. Madrid: Akal, 2002.
  • García Avilés, Alejandro. El tiempo y los astros. Arte, ciencia y religión en la alta edad media. Murcia: Universidad de Murcia, 2001.
  • García Avilés, Alejandro. “La magie astrale comme art visual au XIIIe siècle”. In Images et magie. Picatrix entre Orient et Occident, ed. by Boudet, Jean-Patrice; Caiozzo, Anna; Weill-Parot, Nicolas, pp. 95-116. Paris: Honoré Champion éditeur, 2011.
  • García Bazán, Francisco (ed.) “Pensamiento Trimorfo (NHC XIII)”. In Textos gnósticos. Biblioteca de Nag Hammadi I, ed. by Piñero, Antonio (ed.), pp. 297-320. Madrid: Trotta, 1997.
  • Garin, Eugenio. El zodíaco de la vida. La polémica astrológica del Trescientos al Quinientos. Barcelona: Peninsula, 1981.
  • Gilman, Ernest B. The curious perspective: Literary and pictorial wit in the seventeenth century. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1978.
  • Gombrich, E. H. On the Renaissance. Volume 2: Symbolic Images. London: Phaidon, 1993.
  • Gómez de Liaño, Ignacio. El idioma de la imaginación. Madrid: Taurus, 1992.
  • González Sánchez, Ana. Alfonso X el mago. Madrid: Ediciones de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 2015.
  • Grafton, Anthony; & Siraisi, Nancy. “Between the Election and My Hopes: Girolamo Cardano and Medical Astrology”. In Secrets of Nature. Astrology and Alchemy in Early Modern Europe, ed. by Newman, William R.; & Grafton, Anthony, pp. 69-132. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2001.
  • Grégoire de Nysse. La création de l’homme. Paris : Éditions du Cerf, 1943.
  • Gröne, Svenja. “Le premier écrit scientifique cistercien : le De natura corporis de Guillaume de Saint-Thierry (†1148)”, Rives nord-méditerranéennes, 31, (2008): 115-130.
  • Harrison, Charles. “The Arena Chapel: patronage and authorship”. In Siena, Florence and Padua. Art, Society and Religion 1280-1400. Vol II: Case Studies, ed. by Norman, Diana, 83-104. New Haven: Yale University Press & The Open University, 1995b.
  • Ilárraz, Félix G.; & Pujol, Òscar (eds.). La sabiduría del bosque. Antología de las principales upaniṣáds. Madrid: Trotta, 2003.
  • Kindi, Al-. De radiis: théorie des arts magiques. Paris : Allia, 2003.
  • Láng, Benedek. “Puissances ou Démons? Les images décaniques dans le Picatrix de Cracovie”. In Images et magie. Picatrix entre Orient et Occident, ed. by Boudet, Jean-Patrice; Caiozzo, Anna; Weill-Parot, Nicolas, pp. 137-148. Paris: Honoré Champion éditeur, 2011.
  • Leicht, Reimund. “Le chapitre II, 12 du Picatrix latin et les versions hébraïques du De duodecim imaginibus”. In Images et magie. Picatrix entre Orient et Occident, ed. by Boudet, Jean-Patrice; Caiozzo, Anna; Weill-Parot, Nicolas, pp. 295-330. Paris: Honoré Champion éditeur, 2011.
  • Llamas Roig, Vicente. “Sintaxis matemática del cielo precopernicano”. De Medio Aevo 12, nº 1 (2023): 5-25. https://doi.org/10.5209/dmae.83990.
  • Lyons, John D., & Nichols Jr., Stephen J. “Introduction”. In Mimesis, from Mirror to Method, Augustine to Descartes, ed. by Lyons, John D., & Nichols Jr., Stephen J., pp. 1-19. Hanover: Dartmouth College Press, 1982.
  • Macrobius. Commentary on the Dream of Scipio. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990.
  • Meakin, David. Hermetic Fictions. Alchemy and Irony in the Modern Novel. Bodmin: Keele University Press, 1995.
  • Montserrat Torrents, José (ed.) “Apócrifo de Juan (NHC II, 1)”. In Textos gnósticos. Biblioteca de Nag Hammadi I, ed. by Piñero, Antonio, pp. 209-236. Madrid: Trotta, 1997.
  • Montserrat Torrents, José (ed.) “Allógenes (NHC XIII)”. In Textos gnósticos. Biblioteca de Nag Hammadi I, ed. by Piñero, Antonio, pp. 281-295. Madrid: Trotta, 1997.
  • Norman, Diana. “Astrology, antiquity and empiricism: art and learning”. In Siena, Florence and Padua. Art, Society and Religion 1280-1400. Vol I: Interpretative Essays, ed. by Norman, Diana, pp. 197-216. New Haven: Yale University Press & The Open University, 1995.
  • Norman, Diana. “The art of knowledge: two artistic schemes in Florence”. In Siena, Florence and Padua. Art, Society and Religion 1280-1400. Vol II: Case Studies, ed. by Norman, Diana, 217-242. New Haven: Yale University Press & The Open University, 1995b.
  • Page, Sophie. Astrology in Medieval Manuscripts. London: British Library, 2002.
  • Paracelsus. Selected Writings. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979.
  • Passet, René. Las grandes representaciones del mundo y la economía a lo largo de la historia. Buenos Aires / Madrid: Eudeba / Clave intelectual, 2012.
  • Piñero, Antonio & Montserrat, José. “Introducción general”, in Textos gnósticos. Biblioteca de Nag Hammadi I, ed. by Piñero, Antonio, pp. 19-120. Madrid: Trotta, 1997.
  • Plato. Complete Works. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 1997.
  • Plotinus. The Enneads. New York: Larson Publications,1992.
  • Quinlan-McGrath, Mary. Influences. Art, Optics, and Astrology in the Italian Renaissance. Chicago / London: The University of Chicago Press, 2013.
  • Renau Nebot, Xavier (ed.) Textos herméticos. Madrid: Gredos, 1999.
  • Ryan, Michael A. A Kingdom of Stargazers. Astrology and Authority in the Late Medieval Crown of Aragon. New York: Cornell University Press, 2011.
  • Saint-Thierry, Guillaume de. De natura corporis et animae, Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1988.
  • Scholem, Gershom. Kabbalah. New York: New American Library, 1978.
  • Schwarz, Arturo, “Introduzione”. In Arte e alchimia. Arte e scienza. XLII Esposizione internazionale d’arte, La Biennale di Venezia, by Schwarz, Arturo, pp. 9-54. Venice: Edizioni La Biennale di Venezia, 1986.
  • Simson, Otto von. The Gothic Cathedral. New York: Bollingen Foundation, 1962.
  • Struck, Peter. “Viscera and the Divine. Dreams As the Divinatory Bridge Between the Corporeal and the Incorporeal”. In Prayer, Magic, and the Stars in the Ancient and Late Antique World, ed. by Noegel, Scott, Walker, Joel; & Wheeler, Brannon, pp. 125-136. University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2003.
  • Summers, David. Vision, Reflection and Desire in Western Painting. Chapel Hill: University of North Caroline Press, 2007.
  • Tàpies, Antoni. En blanc i negre. Assaigs. Barcelona: Galàxia Gutenberg / Cercle de lectors, 2008.
  • Tàpies, Antoni. Memòria personal. Fragment per a una autobiografia. Barcelona: Fundació Antoni Tàpies, 2010.
  • Tarkovsky, Andrey. Sculpting in Time. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1989.
  • Tatarkiewicz, Wladyslaw. History of Aesthetics. Volume 1.Ancient Aesthetics. London: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2005.
  • Taylor, René. Arquitectura y magia: consideraciones sobre la idea de El Escorial. Madrid: Siruela, 2006.
  • Thornkike, Lynn. A History of Magic and Experimental Science. Volume III. New York: Columbia University Press, 1934.
  • Toussaint, Stéphane. “Ficino, Archimedes and the Celestial Arts”. In Marsilio Ficino: His Theology, His Philosophy, His Legacy, ed. by Allen, Michael J.B.; & Rees, Valery, pp. 307-326. Leiden: Brill, 2002.
  • Vernant, J.-P. Mythe et pensée chez les Grecs, 1 vol. Paris: Maspero, 1974.
  • Vickers, Brian. “On the Function of Analogy in the Occult”. In Hermeticism and the Renaissance. Intellectual History and the Occult in Early Modern Europe, ed. by Merkel, Ingrid; & Debus, Allen G., pp. 265-292. Washington: Folger Books, 1988.
  • Weill-Parot, Nicolas. Les “images astrologiques” au moyen âge et à la renaissance: spéculations intellectuelles et pratiques magiques (XIIe-XVe siècle). Paris: Champion, 2002.
  • Zambelli, Paola. Astrology and Magic from the Medieval Latin and Islamic World to Renaissance Europe. Surrey: Ash-gate Publishing Limited, 2012.