Wolves in a Human World: Social Dynamics of the Northern Hemisphere’s Most Iconic Social Carnivore

  1. Tallian, Aimee 2
  2. Ciucci, Paolo 3
  3. Milleret, Cyril 5
  4. Smith, Douglas 1
  5. Stahler, Daniel 1
  6. Wikenros, Camilla 6
  7. Ordiz, Andrés 4
  1. 1 Yellowstone Center for Resources, Yellowstone National Park, Mammoth Hot Springs, WY, USA
  2. 2 Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim, Norway
  3. 3 Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
  4. 4 Departmento de Biodiversidad y Gestión Ambiental, Área de Zoología, Universidad de León, León. Spain
  5. 5 Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
  6. 6 Grimsӧ Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Riddarhyttan, Sweden
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Libro:
Social Strategies of Carnivorous Mammalian Predators: Hunting and Surviving as Families

ISSN: 2509-6745,  2509-6753

ISBN: 9783031298028,  9783031298035

Año de publicación: 2023

Páginas: 89-138

Tipo: Capítulo de Libro

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-29803-5_4 GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openAcceso abierto editor

Resumen

Wolves are one of the most studied wildlife species in the world, yet weonly have an emerging picture of how humans affect wolf social dynamics. Thischapter provides an overview of wolf social dynamics, including the fundamentalsof how they live, breed, hunt, and survive, the advantages and disadvantages thatcoincide with group living, and how human pressures may affect their socialbehavior.Wolves are a short-lived species with a fast-paced life history who display a highdegree of behavioral flexibility. Their primary social unit is a multigenerationalfamily group, also called a “pack.” Group dynamics (e.g., number of individuals,age structure, composition, and cohesion) and foraging strategies (e.g., prey selec-tion, hunting tactics, and scavenging behavior) vary widely and are generally contextdependent. In other words, they differ between systems, seasons, prey type, size anddensity, the density of conspecifics and other competitors, habitat type and landscape characteristics, and levels of anthropogenic disturbance. Regardless of the system,group living provides a range of advantages to wolves, including territorial defense,breeding, hunting, and food defense. However, these must be balanced with inherentdisadvantages of group living, such as intraspecific competition within the pack, e.g.,competition for food.90 A. Tallian et al.Anthropogenic disturbance can directly and indirectly alter wolf behavior. Forexample, wolves alter their spatial and temporal movement patterns and space usewithin human-modified landscapes and in response to human disturbance, which candampen their ecological role as apex predators. Humans also directly affect packdynamics and social behavior by killing individuals, via both legal and illegalharvest. By reviewing recent research conducted on wolf populations living underdifferent levels of protection, we suggest that wolf pack social structure appears to becomparatively more complex (i.e., include more age classes and complex relation-ships) in systems where anthropogenic mortality is low. In addition, high anthropo-genic mortality across all age and sex classes may alter dispersal patterns and reducepack cohesion and functionality, which may ultimately foster pack dissolution.In turn, this may increase pack turnover rates and reduce both individual lifespanand pack longevity, with potentially relevant ecological and conservationimplications.The consequences of anthropogenic disturbance on social dynamics is likelyparticularly important, as there are few wolf populations inhabiting landscapes freefrom humans and their impact. Wolves are often considered a resilient species,meaning you can hunt them and their numbers will quickly rebound. Indeed, wolvesmay appear numerically resilient, but their pack composition and social dynamicsare likely more fragile. This is important because changes to pack size and compo-sition can affect a pack’s ability to successfully hunt prey, rear pups, and defend theirterritories, as well as their overall ecology, population dynamics, and cascadingeffects through an ecosystem.

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