Práctica profesional del periodista científico:revisión bibliográfica de las disfunciones derivadas del entorno digital

  1. González-Pedraz, Cristina
  2. Campos-Domínguez, Eva
Revista:
Revista Mediterránea de Comunicación: Mediterranean Journal of Communication

ISSN: 1989-872X

Ano de publicación: 2017

Volume: 8

Número: 2

Páxinas: 225-240

Tipo: Artigo

DOI: 10.14198/MEDCOM2017.8.2.14 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openDialnet editor

Outras publicacións en: Revista Mediterránea de Comunicación: Mediterranean Journal of Communication

Resumo

Internet has revolutionized the situation of the communication of Science. Journalists are no longer the only actors in the production and dissemination of information aimed at a general public. Scientists themselves, using the tools provided by the web (Brossard, 2013), communicate directly to the audience dodging journalists as mediators (Peters et al., 2014). Several studies have approached these matters, although all this research is scattered and lacks a connecting thread that puts into perspective the contributions made. Therefore, in this article a systematic review of 71 works describes the situation of science journalists in the online environment and how this channel has transformed his professional practice. It also analyses the new role of some scientists who are acting as communicators. Finally, we establish how relations are between scientists and journalists in the process of science communication in the web. The study shows that scientists and journalists keep distances, have different judgments about how to articulate communication, and use their own means and their own codes to reach the same audience.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Allan, S. (2009a). The future of science journalism. Journalism, 10(3), 280-282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464884909102570
  • Allan, S. (2009b). Making science newsworthy: Exploring the conventions of science journalism. En Holliman, R.; Whitelegg, L.; Scanlon, E.; Smidt, S. y Thomas, J. (Eds.), Investigating science communication in the information age: Implications for public engagement and popular media (pp. 149-165). Oxford: University Press.
  • Allemand, L. (2013). ¿Internet matará o salvará a la prensa científica? La experiencia de la revista francesa ‘La Recherche’. Mètode: Revista de difusión de la Investigación, (80), 71-77. Disponible en https://goo.gl/E33S6y
  • Alvarado, E. A. (11/03/2013). La investigación y divulgación científica en la era digital. En Programa de formación de Grado Comunicacional Social. Universidad Bolivariana de Venezuela, Maracaibo, Venezuela. Disponible en https://goo.gl/B9GX0P
  • Bellón Rodríguez, A. (2014). Dos programas y un portal para comunicar la I+D+i en Galicia: Efervesciencia, Soño con Ciencia y GCiencia. Revista de la Asociación Española de Investigadores en Comunicación, 1(2), 58-64. Disponible en https://goo.gl/EUcXF3
  • Bik, H. M. & Goldstein, M. C. (2013). An introduction to social media for scientists. PLoS biology, 11(4). Disponible en http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001535
  • Blanchard, A. (2011). Science Blogs in Research and Popularization of Science: Why, how and for whom? En Cockell, J. B.; Darbellay, F. y Waldvogel, F. (Eds.), Common knowledge: The challenge of transdisciplinarity (pp. 219-231). Lausanne: EPFL Press. Disponible en https://goo.gl/31v20n
  • Brossard, D. (2013). New media landscapes and the science information consumer. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences PNAS, 110 (Supplement 3), 14096-14101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1212744110
  • Brown D. D. (17/03/2009). Science blogging: The future of science communication and why you should be a part of it [Blog]. Biochemical Soul. Musings on nature, science, evolution, biology, and education. Disponible en https://goo.gl/pK3ioE
  • Brumfiel, G. (2009). Science journalism: Supplanting the old media? Nature, 458(7236), 274-277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/458274a
  • Bucchi, M. & Trench, B. (2014). Science communication research, themes and challenges. En Bucchi, M. y Ttrench, B. (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Public Communication of Science and Technology (pp. 211). London: Routledge.
  • Calloni, M.; Felt, U.; Gorski, A. et al. (2009). Science Communication. En Challenging Futures of Science in Society. Emerging Trends and cutting-edge issues (pp. 50-64). Bruselas: European Commission. Disponible en https://goo.gl/0QZUFf
  • Cascais, A. F. (2003). Divulgação científica: a mitologia dos resultados. En Sousa, C. M.; Marques, N. P. y Silveira, T. S. (Eds.), A Comunicação Pública da ciencia (pp. 65-77). São Paulo: Cabral Editora e Livraria Universitária. Disponible en https://goo.gl/oi1lW5
  • Casino, G. (2014). 13. Conflictos y complicidades entre científicos y periodistas. Una visión crítica con propuestas de mejora. Quaderns de la Fundació Dr. Antoni Esteve, (28), 97-103. Disponible en https://goo.gl/BQAJ16
  • Cazaux, D. (2016). La comunicación pública de la Ciencia y la tecnología en la “Sociedad del Conocimiento”. Razón y Palabra, (65). Disponible en https://goo.gl/8uSnHm
  • Colson, V. (2011). Science blogs as competing channels for the dissemination of science news. Journalism, 12(7), 889 – 902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464884911412834
  • Cullen, T. A. (03/07/2013). Online health information: shortcomings and challenges. En Global Networks-Global Divides: Bridging New and Traditional Communication Changes. Australia and New Zealand Communication Association (ANZCA), Fremantle, Australia. Disponible en https://goo.gl/kxPYeg
  • Elías, C. (2008). Fundamentos de periodismo científico y divulgación mediática. Alianza Editorial.
  • Darling, E. S.; Shiffman, D.; Côté, I. M. & Drew, J. A. (2013). The role of Twitter in the life cycle of a scientific publication. PeerJ PrePrints. https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.16v1
  • Davies, B. J. & Glasser, N. F. (2014). Analysis of www.AntarcticGlaciers.org as a tool for online science communication. Journal of Glaciology, 60(220), 399-406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2014JOG13J194
  • De Semir, V. (2010). Science Communication & Science Journalism. Madrid: Media for Science Forum.
  • VV.AA. (2003). Declaración de Berlín sobre acceso abierto. Disponible en https://goo.gl/Vs2RCW
  • Dunwoody, S. (2014). Science journalism: prospects in the digital age. En Bucchi, M. y Trench, B. (Eds.). Routledge Handbook of Public Communication of Science and Technology (pp. 27-39). Routledge.
  • Fahy, D. & Nisbet, M. C. (2011). The science journalist online: Shifting roles and emerging practices. Journalism, 12(7), 778-793. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464884911412697
  • Fausto, S.; Machado, F. A.; Bento, L. F. J.; Iamarino, A.; Nahas, T. R. & Munger, D. S. (2012). Research blogging: Indexing and registering the change in science 2.0. PloS one, 7(12), 1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124184
  • Fernández de Lis, P. (2013). Ciencia y periodismo en la red. Quaderns de la Fundació Dr. Antoni Esteve, (28), 15-19. Disponible en https://goo.gl/ktASOs
  • Fleischman, J. y Szalinski, C. (2014). So you want to be a science writer. Molecular biology of the cell, 25(13), 1938-1941. https://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E14-04-0857
  • Galligan, F. & Dyas-Correia, S. (2013). Altmetrics: Rethinking the way we measure. Serials Review, 39(1), 56-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.serrev.2013.01.003
  • García Álvarez de Toledo, J. y Fernández Sánchez, R. (2011). Difusión y divulgación científica en internet. Gobierno del Principado de Asturias. Disponible en https://goo.gl/E8M4y6
  • Gerber, A. (2014). Science Caught Flat-Footed: How Academia Struggles with Open Science Communication. En Bartling, S. y Friesike, S. (Eds.), Opening Science (pp. 73-80). Springer International Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00026-8_4
  • Gomes, I. M. A. M. & Flores, N. M. (2012). Um olhar bakhtiniano sobre os blogs de ciência. Macabea – Revista Electrônica do Netlli, 1(2), 391-407. Disponible en https://goo.gl/apP7ZL
  • González-Pedraz, C. y Campos-Domínguez, E. (2015). El periodista científico en la blogosfera de Ciencia: un actor privilegiado en un entorno digital abierto. Panace@: Revista de Medicina, Lenguaje y Traducción, 16(42), 158-164. Disponible en https://goo.gl/i8xInE
  • Gramling, C. (2008). Science bloggers question their role. Geotimes, 53(6).
  • Granado, A. (2011). Slaves to journals, serfs to the web: The use of the internet in newsgathering among European science journalists. Journalism, 12(7), 794-813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464884911412702
  • Gregory, J. (2009). Scientists communicating. En Holliman, R.; Thomas, J.; Smidt, S. et al. (Eds.), Practising science communication in the information age: Theorising professional practices (pp. 3-18). Oxford: University Press.
  • Griffiths, M. (2007). Talking physics in the social web. Physics world, 29(1), 24-28. Disponible en https://goo.gl/B6gmlH
  • Holliman, R. (2007). Reporting environmental news: newspapers in the digital age. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 5(5), 277-278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2007)5[277:RENNIT]2.0.CO;2
  • Holliman, R. (2010). From analogue to digital scholarship: implications for science communication researchers. JCOM, 9(3). Disponible en https://goo.gl/WFg14Z
  • Holliman. R. (2011a). Telling science stories in an evolving digital media ecosystem: from communication to conversation and confrontation. JCOM, 10(4). Disponible en https://goo.gl/UwxCLw
  • Holliman, R. (2011b). How blogs, Twitter and other social media tools are changing conversations about scientific research. Earth Magazine. Disponible en https://goo.gl/TpCYHj
  • Horning Priest, S. (2009). Reinterpreting the audiences for media messages about science. En Holliman, R.; Thomas, J.; Smidt, S. et al. (Eds.), Investigating science communication in the information age: Implications for public engagement and popular media (pp. 223-236). Oxford: University Press.
  • Jáuregui, P. (2013). Periodismo científico: el desafío de compartir «información asombrosa». Quaderns de la Fundació Dr. Antoni Esteve, (28), 9-14. Disponible en https://goo.gl/BFcWIq
  • Lederbogen, U. (2004). When Science goes public on the web: An analysis of the online PR strategies of German Universities and Research Organizations. Scientific Knowledge and Cultural Diversity, 267-275. Disponible en https://goo.gl/UCtW48
  • Lemos, A. (2009). Nova esfera conversacional. En Künsch, A.; Silveira, S.A. et al. (Eds.), Esfera pública, redes e jornalismo (pp. 9-30). Rio de Janeiro: E-Papers. Disponible en https://goo.gl/rNNAzG
  • Marín-Murillo, F. y Armentia-Vizuete, J. I. (2002). El periodismo científico en los diarios digitales del Estado español. Mediatika: cuadernos de medios de comunicación, (8), 157-178. Disponible en https://goo.gl/Y77aVI
  • Mauranen, A. (2013). Hybridism, Edutainment, and doubt: Science blogging finding its feet. Nordic Journal of English Studies, 13(1), 7-36. Disponible en https://goo.gl/Y3BJRv
  • McCombs, M. (1997). Building consensus: The news media's agenda-setting roles. Political Communication, 14(4), 433-443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/105846097199236
  • McFedries, P. (2012). Measuring the impact of altmetrics [Technically Speaking]. IEEE Spectrum, 8(49), 28. Disponible en https://goo.gl/htDtJl
  • Minol, K.; Spelsberg, G.; Schulte, E. & Morris, N. (2007). Portals, blogs and co.: the role of the Internet as a medium of science communication. Biotechnology journal, 2(9), 1129-1140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biot.200700163
  • Montgomery, S. L. (2009). Science and the online world: realities and issues for discussion. En Holliman, R.; Thomas, J.; Smidt, S. et al. (Eds.), Practising science communication in the information age: Theorising professional practices (pp. 83-97). Oxford: University Press.
  • Murcott, T. H. & Williams, A. (2013). The challenges for science journalism in the UK. Progress in Physical Geography, 37(2), 152-160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133312471285
  • Nature. (2009). Filling the void, Editorial. Nature, 458, 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/458260a
  • Oliveira Fagundes, V. (2014). Science blogs: communication, participation and public engagement. En 13º Congreso Internacional sobre Comunicación Pública de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (PCST), Salvador, Brasil. Disponible en https://goo.gl/Fwbv20
  • Osterrieder, A. (2013). The value and use of social media as communication tool in the plant sciences. Plant methods, 9(1), 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1746-4811-9-26
  • Pereira, I. C. L. (2012). Ciência 2.0: Comunicar ciência na era digital – da experiência à reflexão. Universidade do Porto. Disponible en https://goo.gl/LvYXCJ
  • Peters, H. P. (2013). Gap between science and media revisited: Scientists as public communicators. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(Supplement 3), 14102-14109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1212745110
  • Peters, H. P.; Dunwoody, S.; Allgaier, J.; Lo, Y. Y. & Brossard, D. (2014). Public communication of science 2.0. EMBO reports, 15(7), 749-753. http://dx.doi.org/10.15252/embr.201438979
  • Peterson, I. (2001). Touring the scientific web. Science Communication, 22(3), 246-255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1075547001022003002
  • Picardi, I. y Regina, S. (2008). Sience via podcast. JCOM, 7(2). Disponible en https://goo.gl/Qca0Ra
  • Pont Sorribes, C.; Cortiñas Rovira, S. & Di Bonito, I. (2013). Challenges and opportunities for science journalists in adopting new technologies: the case of Spain. JCOM, 12(03). Disponible en https://goo.gl/tzTCVj
  • Porto, C. y Almeida, D. (2009). Divulgação científica independente na Internet como fomentadora de uma cultura científica no Brasil: estudo inicial em alguns Blogs que tratam de ciência. En Magalhães, C. (Ed.), Difusão e cultura científica: alguns recortes (pp. 93112). Salvador, Brasil: SciELO-EDUFBA. Disponible en https://goo.gl/Dcy4gf
  • Porto, C. y Palacios, M. S. (2012). O lugar eo peso da autopublicação na internet ea cultura científica no Brasil. Revista Educação e Cultura Contemporânea, 9(18), 53-74. Disponible en https://goo.gl/G5ABYl
  • Puschmann, C. (2014). (Micro) Blogging Science? Notes on Potentials and Constraints of New Forms of Scholarly Communication. En Friesike, S. y Bartling, S. (Eds.), Opening Science, (pp. 89-106). New York, NY: Springer International Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00026-8_6
  • Revuelta, G. (1999). Relaciones entre científicos y periodistas. Alambique: Didáctica de las Ciencias Experimentales, 6(21), 27-34. Disponible en https://goo.gl/LUimB3
  • Ribas, C. (2012). La divulgación y la comunicación de la Ciencia, en la encrucijada. SEBBM, 173, 1012. Disponible en https://goo.gl/2jJRjN
  • Seabra, D. F. D. S. (2012). O envolvimento dos jovens em conteúdos de ciência online. Universidade do Porto. Disponible en https://goo.gl/KqAfnJ
  • Schäfer, M. (2011). Science journalism and fact checking. JCOM, 10(4). Disponible en https://goo.gl/KRXziC
  • Shanahan, M. C. (2010). Changing the meaning of peer-to-peer? Exploring online comment spaces as sites of negotiated expertise. JCOM, 9(1). Disponible en https://goo.gl/hiEehd
  • Thorsen, E. (2013). Blogging on the ice: Connecting audiences with climate-change sciences. International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics, 9(1), 87-101. https://doi.org/10.1386/macp.9.1.87_1
  • Trench, B. (2007). How the Internet changed science journalism. En Bauer, M. y Bucchi, M. (Eds.), Journalism, Science and Society: Science Communication Between News and Public Relations (pp. 133139). Routledge. Disponible en https://goo.gl/4kc9xO
  • Trench, B. (2009). Science reporting in the electronic embrace of the Internet. En Holliman, R.; Whitelegg, L.; Scanlon, E. et al. (Eds.), Investigating science communication in the information age: Implications for public engagement and popular media (pp. 166-180). Oxford: University Press.
  • Trumbo, C. W.; Sprecker, K. J.; Dumlao, R. J.; Yun, G. W. & Duke, S. (2001). Use of e-mail and the web by science writers. Science Communication, 22(4), 347-378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1075547001022004001
  • Véiliverronen, E. (1993). Science and the media: changing relations. Science studies, 6(2), 23-34. Disponible en https://goo.gl/jyfHbw
  • Vera Carrasco, O. (2009). Cómo escribir artículos de revisión. Revista Médica La Paz, 15(1), 63-69. Disponible en https://goo.gl/hPZTgB
  • Waldrop, M. M. (2008). Science 2.0: Great New Tool, or Great Risk? Wikis, blogs and other collaborative web technologies could usher in a new era of science. Or not. Scientific American. Disponible en https://goo.gl/Tpl63G
  • Wilcox, C. (2012). Guest editorial: It's time to e-volve: Taking responsibility for science communication in a digital age. The Biological Bulletin, 222(2), 85-87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/BBLv222n2p85
  • Ziman, J. (1979). Conhecimento público. Belo Horizonte: Editora Itatiaia.