Desradicalización y desvinculación: aspectos formales y teóricos

  1. Roberto M. Lobato
  2. Josep García-Coll
Revista:
RESI: Revista de estudios en seguridad internacional

ISSN: 2444-6157

Año de publicación: 2022

Volumen: 8

Número: 1

Páginas: 191-210

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.18847/1.15.12 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openAcceso abierto editor

Otras publicaciones en: RESI: Revista de estudios en seguridad internacional

Resumen

La radicalización constituye una de las mayores problemáticas a nivel securitario y social. No obstante, el número de detenciones en los últimos años han llevado a replantearse reforzar los modelos de intervención en su relación con la desvinculación y la desradicalización. Como consecuencia, la atención está cambiando hacia los procesos de desvinculación/desradicalización. Tratando de aunar los conocimientos sobre la temática, en el presente manuscrito se realiza una revisión de la literatura que trata de identificar y valorar algunos de los factores y modelos de desvinculación, desradicalización y/o reinserción desarrollados en estas últimas décadas. En primera instancia se conceptualizan la desradicalización, entendida como un proceso social y psicológico por el que el compromiso de un individuo con la radicalización violenta y su participación en ella se reducen hasta el punto de que ya no corre el riesgo de implicarse y participar en actividades violentas, y la desvinculación, proceso mediante el cual un individuo experimenta un cambio de rol o función que suele ir asociado a una reducción de la participación en la violencia. Posteriormente, se analizan los principales factores de empuje y atracción que se han encontrado en la literatura, destacando, por un lado, la desilusión con la estrategia o las acciones del grupo radical y, por otro lado, las relaciones con personas fuera del grupo y las demandas familiares. A continuación, se hacen explícitos siete modelos teóricos propuestos desde distintas disciplinas que tratan de explicar los procesos de desvinculación, desradicalización y/o reinserción social. Entre estos modelos, encontramos la trayectoria de desvinculación, el modelo de inversión, el modelo 3N, el modelo pro-integración, los bucles de refuerzo, el modelo de las dinámicas de la desvinculación y el modelo fénix de desvinculación. Finalmente, se discuten algunas de las similitudes y diferencias de estos modelos y sus principales limitaciones.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Aebi, Marcelo F. & Tiago, Mélanie M. (2021), “SPACE I – 2020 – Council of Europe annual penal statistics: Prison populations”, Council of Europe. https://wp.unil.ch/space/files/2021/04/210330_FinalReport_SPACE_I_2020.pdf
  • Agnew, Christopher R., Hoffman, Aaron M., Lehmiller, Justin J. & Duncan, Natasha T. (2007), “From the interpersonal to the international: Understanding commitment to the ‘War on Terror’”, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 33, No. 11, pp. 1559–1571. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167207305540
  • Ajzen, Icek (1991), “The theory of planned behavior”, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Vol. 50, No. 2, pp. 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
  • Alonso, Rogelio & Díaz Bada, Javier (2016), “What role have former ETA terrorists played in counter terrorism and counter radicalization initiatives in Spain?”, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, Vol. 39, No. 11, pp. 982–1006. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2016.1154365
  • Altier, Mary Beth, Boyle, Emma L., Shortland, Neil D. & Horgan, John G. (2017), “Why they leave: An analysis of terrorist disengagement events from eighty-seven autobiographical accounts”, Security Studies, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 305–332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09636412.2017.1280307
  • Altier, Mary Beth, Thoroughgood, Christian N. & Horgan, J. John G. (2014), “Turning away from terrorism: Lessons from psychology, sociology, and criminology”, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 51, No. 5, pp. 647–661. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343314535946
  • Ashour, Omar (2009), The de-radicalization of jihadists: Transforming armed islamist movements, New York: Routledge.
  • Barrelle, Kate (2015), “Pro-integration: Disengagement from and life after extremism”, Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 129–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/19434472.2014.988165
  • Bélanger, Jocelyn J. (2018), “The rise and fall of violent extremism: The science behind community-based interventions”, en Kopetz, Catalina E. & Fishbach, Aylet (Eds.), The Motivation-Cognition Interface: From the Lab to the Real World: A Festschrift in Honor of Arie W. Kruglanski, New York: Routledge, pp. 170–195. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315171388_8
  • Bjørgo, Tore & Horgan, John G. (2009), Leaving terrorism behind: Individual and collective disengagement, New York: Routledge.
  • Brehm, Jack (1966), A theory of psychological reactance, Oxford: Oxford Academic Press.
  • Cherney, Adrian (2018), “Supporting disengagement and reintegration: Qualitative outcomes from a custody-based counter radicalisation intervention”, Journal for Deradicalization, Vol. 17, pp. 1–27.
  • Cherney, Adrian & Belton, Emma (2020), “Assessing intervention outcomes targeting radicalised offenders: Testing the pro integration model of extremist disengagement as an evaluation tool”, Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 193–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/17467586.2019.1680854
  • Chernov Hwang, Julie (2015), “The disengagement of Indonesian jihadists: Understanding the pathways”, Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 277–295. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2015.1034855
  • Clubb, Gordon (2015), “De-radicalization, disengagement and the attitudes-behavior debate”, en Kennedy-Pipe, Caroline Clubb, Gordon & Mabon, Simon (Eds.), Terrorism and Political Violence, London: SAGE, pp. 258–266.
  • Council of the European Union (2014), “Revised EU strategy for combating radicalisation and recruitment to terrorism (5643/5/14)”. https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-9956-2014-INIT/en/pdf
  • Dalgaard-Nielsen, Anja (2010), “Violent radicalization in Europe: What we know and what we do not know”, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, Vol. 33, No. 9, pp. 797–814. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2010.501423
  • Dalgaard-Nielsen, Anja (2013), “Promoting exit from violent extremism: Themes and approaches, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 99–115. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2013.747073
  • Demant, Froukje, Slootman, Marieke, Buijs, Frank & Tillie, Jean (2008), “Decline and disengagement: An analysis of processes of deradicalization”, Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305000696_Decline_and_disengagement_An_analysis_of_processes_of_deradicalisation
  • Doosje, Bertjan, Moghaddam, Fathali M., Kruglanski, Arie W., de Wolf, Arjan, Mann, Liesbeth & Feddes, Allard R. (2016), “Terrorism, radicalization and de-radicalization”, Current Opinion in Psychology, Vol. 11, pp. 79–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.06.008
  • Dugas, Michelle & Kruglanski, Arie W. (2014), “The quest for significance model of radicalization: Implications for the management of terrorist detainees”, Behavioral Sciences & the Law, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 423–439. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2122
  • Farrell, Daniel & Rusbult Caryl E. (1981), “Exchange variables as predictors of job satisfaction, job commitment, and turnover: The impact of rewards, costs, alternatives, and investments”, Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 78–95.
  • Festinger, L. (1957), A theory of cognitive dissonance, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  • Gøtzsche-Astrup, Oluf (2018), “The time for causal designs: Review and evaluation of empirical support for mechanisms of political radicalization”, Aggression and Violent Behavior, Vol. 39, pp. 90–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2018.02.003
  • Harris, Kira J., Gringart, Eyal & Drake, Deirdre (2018), “Leaving ideological groups behind: A model of disengagement”, Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 91–109. https://doi.org/10.1080/19434472.2017.1299782
  • Hart, Amber (2020), “Risks, radicalisation and rehabilitation: Imprisonment of incarcerated terrorists”, Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 189–208. https://doi.org/10.1080/18335330.2020.1817527
  • Horgan, John G. (2008), “Desradicalization or disengagement? A process in need of clarity and a counterterrorism initiative in need of evaluation”, Perspectives on Terrorism, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 3–8.
  • Horgan, John G. (2009a), “Individual disengagement: A psychological analysis”, en Bjørgo, Tore & Horgan, John G. (Eds.), Leaving Terrorism Behind: Individual and Collective Disengagement, New York: Routledge, pp. 17–29. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203884751
  • Horgan, John G. (2009b), Walking away from terrorism: Accounts of disengagement from radical and extremist movements, New York: Routledge.
  • Horgan, John G. & Braddock, Kurt (2010), “Rehabilitating the terrorists?: Challenges in assessing the effectiveness of de-radicalization programs”, Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 267–291. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546551003594748
  • Kenney, Michael & Chernov Hwang, Julie (2020), “Should I stay or should I go? Understanding how British and Indonesian extremists disengage and why they don’t”, Political Psychology, Vol. 42, No. 4, pp. 537–553. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12713
  • Khalil, James, Horgan, John G. & Zeuthen, Martine (2019), “The Attitudes-Behaviors Corrective (ABC) model of violent extremism”, Terrorism and Political Violence. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2019.1699793
  • Klandermans, Bert (1997), The social psychology of protest, Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
  • King, Michael & Taylor, Donald M. (2011), “The radicalization of homegrown jihadists: A review of theoretical models and social psychological evidence”, Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 602–622. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2011.587064
  • Koehler, Daniel (2018), Understanding deradicalization: Methods, tools and programs for countering violent extremism, New York: Routledge.
  • Kruglanski, Arie W., Bélanger, Jocelyn J. & Gunaratna, Rohan (2019), The three pillars of radicalization: Needs, narratives, and networks, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Le, Benjamin & Agnew, Christopher, R. (2003), “Commitment and its theorized determinants: A meta-analysis of the investment model”, Personal Relationships, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 37–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6811.00035
  • Lee, Everett S. (1966), “A theory of migration”, Demography, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 47–57.
  • Lobato, Roberto M. (2019), “En busca de los extremos: Tres modelos para comprender la radicalización”, Revista de Estudios en Seguridad Internacional, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 107–125. https://doi.org/10.18847/1.10.7
  • Lösel, Friedrich, Bender, Doris, Jugl, Irina & King, Sonja (2020), “Resilience against political and religious extremism, radicalization, and related violence: A systematic review of studies on protective factors”, en Weisburd, David, Savona, Ernesto U., Hasisi, Badi & Calderoni, Francesco (Eds.), Understanding Recruitment to Organized Crime and Terrorism, Cham: Springer, pp. 55–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36639-1_3
  • Marrero, Inmaculada (2020), Soldados del terrorismo global: Los nuevos combatientes extranjeros, Madrid: Tecnos.
  • McCauley, Clark & Moskalenko, Sophia (2017), “Understanding political radicalization: The two-pyramids model”, American Psychologist, Vol. 72, No. 3, pp. 205–216. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000062
  • Moskalenko, Sophia & McCauley, Clark (2009), “Measuring political mobilization: The distinction between activism and radicalism”, Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 239–260. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546550902765508
  • Moyano, Manuel & Trujillo, Humberto M. (2013), Radicalización islamista y terrorismo. Claves psicosociales, Granada: Editorial Universidad de Granada.
  • Mullins, Sam (2010), “Rehabilitation of Islamist terrorists: Lessons from criminology”, Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 162–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/17467586.2010.528438
  • Rabasa, Angel, Pettyjohn, Stacie L., Ghez, Jeremy J. & Boucek, Christopher (2010), “Deradicalizing islamist extremists”, RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG1053.html
  • Raets, Sigrid (2017), “The we in me. Considering terrorist desistance from a social identity perspective”, Journal for Deradicalization, Vol. 13, pp. 1–28.
  • Rusbult, Caryl E. (1980), “Commitment and satisfaction in romantic associations: A test of the investment model”, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 172–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(80)90007-4
  • Rusbult, Caryl E. (1983), “A longitudinal test of the investment model: The development (and deterioration) of satisfaction and commitment in heterosexual involvements”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 101–117. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.45.1.101
  • Rusbult, Caryl E. & Farrell, Dan (1983), “A longitudinal test of the investment model: The impact of job satisfaction, job commitment, and turnover of variations in rewards, costs, alternatives, and investments”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 68, No. 3, pp. 429–438.
  • Rusbult, Caryl E., Martz, John M. & Agnew, Christopher R. (1998), “The investment model scale: Measuring commitment level, satisfaction level, quality of alternatives, and investment size”, Personal Relationships, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 357–391.
  • Sageman, Marc (2017), Turning to political violence: The emergence of terrorism, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Schmid, Alex P. (2013), “Radicalisation, de-radicalisation, counter-radicalisation: A conceptual discussion and literature review”, International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague (ICCT). http://www.icct.nl/download/file/ICCT-Schmid-Radicalisation-De-Radicalisation-Counter-Radicalisation-March-2013.pdf
  • Schuurman, Bart (2019), “Topics in terrorism research: Reviewing trends and gaps, 2007-2016”, Critical Studies on Terrorism, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 463–480. https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2019.1579777
  • Silke, Andrew (2004), “Terrorism, 9/11 and psychology”, The Psychologist, Vol. 17, No. 9, pp. 518–521.
  • Silke, Andrew, Morrison, John, Maiberg, Heidi, Slay, Chloe & Stewart, Rebecca (2021), “The phoenix model of disengagement and deradicalisation from terrorism and violent extremism”, Monatsschrift Für Kriminologie Und Strafrechtsreform. https://doi.org/10.1515/mks-2021-0128
  • van Stekelenburg, Jacquelien & Klandermans, Bert (2017), “Individuals in movements: A social psychology of contention”, en Conny Roggeband & Bert Klandermans (Eds.), Handbook of Social Movements Across Disciplines. Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research, Cham: Springer, pp. 103–139. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57648-0_5
  • Victoroff, Jeff (2005), “The mind of the terrorist: A review and critique of psychological approaches”, Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 3–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002704272040
  • Webber, David, Chernikova, Marina, Kruglanski, Arie W., Gelfand, Michele J., Hettiarachchi, Malkanthi, Gunaratna, Rohan, Lafreniere, Marc-Andre & Belanger, Jocelyn J. (2018), “Deradicalizing detained terrorists”, Political Psychology, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 539–556. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12428
  • Webber, David, Chernikova, Marina, Molinario, Erica & Kruglanski, Arie W. (2020), “Psychological approaches to terrorist rehabilitation”, en Stig Jarle Hansen & Stian Lid (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Deradicalisation and Disengagement, New York: Routledge, pp. 54–66.
  • Webber, David & Kruglanski, Arie W. (2017), “Psychological factors in radicalization: A ‘3N’ approach”, en LaFree, Gary & Freilic, Joshua (Eds.), The Handbook of the Criminology of Terrorism, Oxford: Wiley Blackwell, pp. 33–46. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118923986.ch2
  • Wolfowicz, Michael, Litmanovitz, Yael, Weisburd, David & Hasisi, Badi (2020), “A field-wide systematic review and meta-analysis of putative risk and protective factors for radicalization outcomes”, Journal of Quantitative Criminology, Vol. 36, No. 3, pp. 407–447. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-019-09439-4
Fuente de los datos: Dialnet